<p>The Merchants&#39; National Bank  building is a historic commercial building located in Grinnell, Iowa. It is one of a series of small banks designed by Louis Sullivan in the Midwest between 1909 and 1919. All of the banks are built of brick and for this structure he employed various shades of brick, ranging in color from blue-black to golden brown, giving it an overall reddish brown appearance. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its architecture. In 1991, it was listed as a contributing property in the Grinnell Historic Commercial District.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Merchants&#39; National Bank was built in 1914 and had its grand opening on January the first, in 1915, along with the Purdue State Bank in Indiana, also designed by Sullivan.</p><br>
<p>Structurally the building is a rectangular box, with a magnificent main facade and a windowed side facade.</p><br>
<p>Although this building is smaller than either his Owatonna or Cedar Rapids banks, it appears just as monumental. This is due largely to the oversized cartouche that surrounds a circular window on the Fourth Street facade. Light is introduced into the interior by a series of stained glass windows that alternate with structural posts down the side of the building and through the colored glass skylight that comprises much of the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>While the bank housed in the structure and its location, the small town of Grinnell, did not warrant wide national attention, yet the unveiling of the Louis Sullivan building was given national coverage in the architectural press of the day. The Merchants Bank was featured in an eleven-page spread in The Western Architects February 1916 edition.</p><br>
<p>As he did in his banks in Cedar Rapids and Sidney, Ohio, Sullivan used lions, or at least a grotesque, winged version of a lion, as figurative decoration. This creature is one of the very few figurative elements that can be found in the architect&#39;s designs. (The angels in his Transportation Building and the Bayard-Condict Building being other examples.)</p><br>
<p>Some of the plans and even the designs of the ornament were done by Sullivan&#39;s draftsman Parker N. Berry, who was shortly thereafter to fall victim to the 1918 Spanish flu epidemic.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s or early 1980s, a city beautification project sponsored the planting of several trees in front of the bank. Gebhard calls this an "unbelievable decision" for the growing plants would obscure more and more of the amazing facade. These plantings can be easily seen in the gallery pictures, taken in 1985. These trees were removed as of 2013.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the city remodeled its downtown sidewalks and streets so the intersections of the square had the "Jewelbox" appearance to them. The city also put Planters at the four corners of the crossings which have the "Jewelbox" engraved in them.</p><br>
<p>Between 2008 and 2009, one of the lions in front of the building was damaged. Both lions have now been replaced.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Merchants National Bank entrance Grinnell IA.jpgMerchants National Bank entrance with gold winged lions, Grinnell, IA</p><br>
<p>LSGrinnell6.jpgMain facade</p><br>
<p>LSGrinnell0.jpgCartouche</p><br>
<p>LSGrinnell5.jpgOver front entrance</p><br>
<p>LSGrinnell3.jpg</p><br>
<p>LSGrinnell1.jpgDetail of cartouche</p><br>
<p>LSGrinnell9.jpgSign over side door.</p><br>
<p>LSGrinnell8.jpgDoor molding</p><br>
<p>LSGrinnell10.jpgwindows</p><br>
<h2>Other Louis Sullivan "jewel boxes"</h2><br>
<p>Farmers and Merchants Bank, Columbus, Wisconsin (1919)</p><br>
<p>Henry Adams Building, Algona, Iowa (1913)</p><br>
<p>Home Building Association Company, Newark, Ohio (1914)</p><br>
<p>National Farmer&#39;s Bank, Owatonna, Minnesota (1908)</p><br>
<p>People&#39;s Federal Savings and Loan Association, Sidney, Ohio (1918)</p><br>
<p>Peoples Savings Bank, Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1912)</p><br>
<p>Purdue State Bank, West Lafayette, Indiana (1914)</p><br>
<p>The Henry F. Miller house is an international style house at 30 Derby Avenue in Orange, Connecticut on the United States National Register of Historic Places. The house was designed and built in 1948-1949 by Henry F. Miller as a thesis project for a Master of Architecture at the Yale School of Architecture. The house was one of the areas first modern houses and was featured in the New Haven Register as "The House of Tomorrow". It was open to visitors for a few weeks after completion to raise funds for the New Haven Boy&#39;s Club. It was viewed with "wild anticipation," and about 25,000 people paid a small admission to see it. The house was also covered in House Beautiful as part of a series on "The New American Style."</p><br>
<p>This house embodies many characteristics of the International Style, as adapted to the single-family suburban house, including an open plan with movable walls, flat roof, inclusion of modern conveniences, careful attention to environmental and functional considerations, avoidance of ornament, and extensive use of glass. The house was designed to take full advantage of its unique site on the side of a hill. Connecticut has an unusually large concentration of international style houses, including the most famous, Johnson&#39;s Glass House. Originally developed in Europe as a new system of building that took advantage of modern technological advances and embraced an unornamented, machine-made esthetic transcending regional or national characteristics, the International Style absorbed some natural materials and regional features in the years just before and after World War II.</p><br>
<p>The following information was a portion of the National Register of Historic Places application form compiled by Christopher Wigren, Architectural Historian, Connecticut Trust for Historic Preservation, Vice President.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Miller was an architecture student at Yale and chose to design a modern house for his thesis project. Upon completion, Miller and his wife lived in the house. As their family grew the Millers added a new master bedroom, study, and playroom in 1959, but the addition carefully followed the lines and style of the original.</p><br>
<p>In the New Haven area, George Kreye, a professor of German at Yale, had designed an international style house in 1935. Of the postwar houses, the Miller house was one of the first, but others soon joined it. Also in</p><br>
<p>Orange was the Clark house, designed by Marcel Breuer and completed in 1951, utilizing the rough</p><br>
<p>fieldstone and binuclear plan that were typical of Breuer&#39;s work at that time. In other New Haven</p><br>
<p>suburbs, modern houses were built by young architects like Peter Hale, Carlton Granberry, King-lui Wu and</p><br>
<p>Robert Coolidge or by established architects like Douglas Orr who adopted Modernism. Vincent Scully designed his own house in Woodbridge.</p><br>
<p>The Miller house helped the spread of Modern architecture in Connecticut and the United States. Yale was one of the leading architecture schools in promoting the Modern movement, and its faculty and students made the New Haven area a center of post-war Modernism in Connecticut and the United States.</p><br>
<p>In the House Beautiful article on the Miller house as part of that magazine&#39;s ongoing coverage of what it called "the New American Style", the article stressed economy and technology in addition to aesthetics. Its opening also suggests the difficulty of convincing average Americans to consider Modern architecture:</p><br>
<p>The American Dream: &mdash; as much luxury as possible &mdash; for as little money as possible. Like all</p><br>
<p>dreams, this one won&#39;t come true by just wishing. You have to do what this Connecticut</p><br>
<p>family did &mdash; work at it. They parked their prejudices, studied all the advanced techniques in home</p><br>
<p>building, and applied them. Result: 2,152 ft&sup2;. of luxury for $25,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, the Miller house was included in an exhibition at the Yale School of Architecture called</p><br>
<p>"Ten Years Out." The exhibition showed buildings designed by alumni of the school in their first ten years</p><br>
<p>after graduation. The Miller house was the earliest work in the show.</p><br>
<h2>International style characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The house embodies many distinctive characteristics of postwar International Style</p><br>
<p>architecture:</p><br>
<p>post and beam frame: creates flexible interior and frees structure from cladding. Makes possible large expanses of glass, since the walls do not support the structure.</p><br>
<p>extensive use of glass: in large fixed sheets, operable windows, and glazed doors—to make the interior light and airy and to provide visual connection to outdoors.</p><br>
<p>simple, geometric shapes: including a flat roof.</p><br>
<p>untraditional plan: main living spaces on lower level to take advantage of hillside location and allow easy access to terraces. Bathroom divided into three compartments &mdash; for tub, toilet, and sink &mdash; to allow simultaneous use by more than one person. Planning for privacy: few, small windows toward street; orientation to rear of lot (different from conventional plans, which faced living room toward street).</p><br>
<p>integration of structure and site: house is sited on small buildable portion of a lot, on brink of hill leading down to wetlands. Living spaces open to terrace and deck for outdoor living; on upper level, balcony provides further outdoor spaces. Large windows provide sense of connection between interior and exterior as does design of planting bed at foot of stairs. Fences and dividers screen carport from guests&#39; entry and service yard from living spaces. Existing vegetation saved wherever possible and other landscaping executed in naturalistic style to blend with surroundings.</p><br>
<p>planning to take advantage of climate: windows face south, with shading computed to allow sunlight into the house in winter, but not in summer. Solid or nearly solid walls facing north, to provide protection from winter winds. Placement of windows and doors to allow cross ventilation. The roof has a parapet that allows it to be flooded in the summer, providing additional cooling.</p><br>
<p>extensive storage space: Examples include shallow shelves for cans in kitchen and movable storage walls containing drawers as well as hanging space, which double as room dividers.</p><br>
<p>innovative technology: built-in watering system for indoor planting bed. Intercom between kitchen and front door, with electric latch that allows front door to be opened without coming upstairs. Radiant heating in the floor, eliminating radiators in the lower level.</p><br>
<p>aesthetics: a sense of openness and space achieved by the use of large windows, open plan, simple forms and the open stairwell, with its large window, open treads, and light rail. Moldings and ornament are eliminated.</p><br>
<h2>Henry F. Miller</h2><br>
<p>Henry F. Miller was born in 1916 in South Dartmouth, Massachusetts and grew up in New York City. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Yale University in 1938. At Yale, he was on the editorial staff of campus humor magazine The Yale Record. After serving in the Army in World War II, he returned to Yale, graduating with a Bachelor of Architecture in 1948. Miller taught at Yale for a year, and then joined the firm of Harold H. Davis in New Haven (later known as Davis Cochran Miller Baerman Noyes). The firm worked on a wide variety of projects, particularly educational, public and commercial facilities. In 1974 Miller left the firm to serve as Associate Director of Facilities Planning for Yale University. He retired in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Miller became a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects in 1972. Historic preservation became a special interest, and he served as Connecticut State Preservation Coordinator on the national AIA Historic Resources Committee. In addition, Miller was a member of the boards of the New Haven Colony Historical Society, the New Haven Preservation Trust and the Connecticut Trust for Historic Preservation, and served on the Connecticut State Historic Preservation Board.</p><br>
<p>The Home Building Association Bank  is a historic building located at 1 North Third Street in Newark, Ohio, United States, and was designed by noted Chicago architect Louis Sullivan. It is one of eight banks designed by Sullivan. In 1973, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Of note is the building&#39;s rather high number of owners: since its construction, Home Building Association Bank has been home to two financial institutions, a butcher shop, a jewelry store, and an ice cream parlor. Its interior was modified for each occupant.</p><br>
<p>For this project, Sullivan was given a narrow lot but made the building larger by making it two stories high, something that he did not typically do in his banks. The color scheme chosen here deviates from his normal red-brown brick tapestry surface. Instead the building is covered with gray-green terra cotta slabs that are edged with typical Sullivanesque border designs. The ornamentation included a winged lion quite similar to the ones to be found in Cedar Rapids, Grinnell and Sidney. Little mention is made in the literature about Sullivan as to why these creatures populate his banks. Also unique is the presence of Sullivan&#39;s name in the tile mosaic over the front door.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Home Building Association Bank was built in 1914 and opened on August 25, 1915, as The Home Building Association Company, commonly known as "The Old Home". It was one of three banks designed by Sullivan in 1914, the other two being in Grinnell, Iowa, and in West Lafayette, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>In 1942, the Home Building Association Bank was sold to William Camlin. From 1943 to 1946, Sanitary Meat Market occupied the building, and from 1946 to 1973, Symon&#39;s Best Jewelry Company took over.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 2, 1973.</p><br>
<p>From 1979 to 1983, the building was occupied by Mutual Federal Savings and Loan Association. Tiffany&#39;s Ice Cream Parlor was the last business in the building, from 1984 to 2007.</p><br>
<p>The building was donated to the Licking County Foundation in December 2013. The Licking County Foundation plans to restore the building, and when the renovation is complete, Explore Licking County, the countys convention and visitors bureau will move into the space. In 2016, basement rehabilitation began, and was completed that October. Exterior restoration took place from May 2019 to 2021, restoring the buildings facades. Interior work, the third stage of the project, involved fundraising in 2023, and is expected to be completed in 2024.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>&lt;!--</p><br>
<h2>Other Louis Sullivan "jewel boxes"</h2><br>
<p>National Farmers&#39; Bank, Owatonna, Minnesota (1908)</p><br>
<p>Peoples Savings Bank, Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1912)</p><br>
<p>Henry Adams Building, Algona, Iowa (1913)</p><br>
<p>Merchants&#39; National Bank, Grinnell, Iowa (1914)</p><br>
<p>Purdue State Bank, West Lafayette, Indiana (1914)</p><br>
<p>People&#39;s Federal Savings and Loan Association, Sidney, Ohio (1918)</p><br>
<p>Farmers and Merchants Bank, Columbus, Wisconsin (1919)</p><br>
<p>The Erwinna Covered Bridge is a wooden covered bridge that spans Swamp Creek in Erwinna, Pennsylvania, United States.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was constructed using a lattice-type design.</p><br>
<p>The National Register of Historic Places lists the date built as 1871, while county records say 1832. The Erwinna Covered Bridge is Bucks County&#39;s shortest covered bridge, at only 56 ft long and 15 ft wide.</p><br>
<p>The bridge&#39;s WGCB Number is 39-09-04.</p><br>
<p>During the winter the bridge has been decorated by the Church Of Tinicum on Geigel Hill Road, with lighted pineroping and wreaths at each side of the bridge.</p><br>
<p>In September 2012 a 13&#39; box truck took out the infrastructure of the bridge, causing PennDOT to estimate the bridge will be closed for 4–6 months. It was repaired just 3 months after the accident.</p><br>
<p>In the early morning hours of Sunday, May 12, 2013, vandals sprayed graffiti on all of the bridge&#39;s decorative doors and the concrete around the bridge. The same tags were found on a nearby bridge on Headquarters Road, which intersects with Geigel Hill Road in Erwinna.</p><br>
<p>On July 22, 2013, the bridge received structural damage after being struck by a delivery truck, and was closed indefinitely pending an inspection and repair estimate by PennDOT engineers.</p><br>
<p>The Star Engraving Company Building is a building at 3201 Allen Parkway in Houston, Texas, built in 1930 in the Spanish Colonial Revival style by the Star Engraving company to house its engraving factory. The building is currently owned by the city of Houston and serves as the Houston Center for the Arts, housing the Stages Repertory Theatre, the Houston Arts Alliance, and the Bayou Preservation Alliance.</p><br>
<h2>Historical landmark</h2><br>
<p>It was designated a local historic landmark in 1986, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Residents</h2><br>
<p>The Stages Repertory Theatre has resided in the building since 1985, and the Childrens Museum of Houston resided there until 1992. The building became the subject of controversy in 1992 when then-owner 3201 Allen Parkway Ltd. indicated its intent to evict the Stages Theatre and the Childrens Museum in order to develop the building into loft condominia in partnership with developer Gross Investments. The Childrens Museum had long been planning a move to the Museum District anyway, but Stages and its supporters protested that a move would greatly harm the theatre, and requested local-government assistance in buying the building. A few months later, the development deal with Gross Investments fell through, and 3201 Allen Parkway Ltd. offered to sell the building to Stages. However, Stages couldnt meet its asking price and negotiations broke down. The City of Houston eventually purchased the building, after a controversial threat to use eminent domain powers to confiscate it, and turned it into a municipal arts center. In 2020, the property was acquired by Houston-based real estate firm Radom Capital and remodeled into boutique offices, restaurant and retail space.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hill, also known as the John C. Calhoun House and Library, is a National Historic Landmark on the Clemson University campus in Pickens County, South Carolina, United States, near the City of Clemson.</p><br>
<p>From 1825-1850, the house was the home of noted proponent of slavery and constitutional Nullification, John C. Calhoun, the 7th Vice President of the United States.</p><br>
<p>Clemson University was established on the Fort Hill slave-operated plantation site in 1889, and in accordance with the terms of its inheritance, has maintained the house and its immediate parcel as a museum and library &mdash; all that remains of what originally was an approximately 1,000 acre plantation estate.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally built as a four-room house about 1803 and was called Clergy Hall by Dr. James McElhenny, who was the pastor of Hopewell Presbyterian Church. The house later became the home of John C. Calhoun and his wife Floride Calhoun in 1825. Calhoun enlarged it to 14 rooms and renamed it Fort Hill for nearby Fort Rutledge, which was built around 1776. The architectural style is Greek revival with Federal detailing and with simple interior detailing.</p><br>
<p>After John Calhouns death in 1850, the property and the 50 slaves there passed to his wife to be shared with three of her children: Cornelia, John, and Anna Maria, wife of Thomas Green Clemson. Anna sold her share to Floride Calhoun. Floride Calhoun sold the plantation to her son, Andrew Pickens Calhoun, and held the mortgage. After Andrew died in 1865, she filed for foreclosure against Andrews heirs before her death in 1866.</p><br>
<p>After lengthy legal proceedings, the plantation was auctioned at Walhalla in 1872. The executor of her estate won the auction, which was divided among her surviving heirs. Her daughter, Anna Clemson, received the residence with about 814 acre and her great-granddaughter, Floride Isabella Lee, received about 288 acre. Thomas Green and Anna Clemson moved into Fort Hill in 1872. After Anna&#39;s death in 1875, Thomas Green Clemson inherited Fort Hill.</p><br>
<p>In his 1888 will, Clemson bequeathed more than 814 acre of the Fort Hill estate to the State of South Carolina for an agricultural college with a stipulation that the dwelling house "shall never be torn down or altered; but shall be kept in repair with all articles of furniture and vesture...and shall always be open for inspection of visitors." Clemson University has operated Fort Hill as a house museum as stipulated in the will. The house is all that remains of what was once an extensive plantation estate.</p><br>
<p>The home was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hill was closed for a two-year restoration project and was reopened in the spring of 2003. Fort Hill was named a national treasure by the Save America&#39;s Treasures program, and its artifacts are currently undergoing a comprehensive conservation program funded by this federal grant and matching funds.</p><br>
<p>Ridgelys Delight is a historic residential neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Its borders are formed by Russell and Greene Streets to the east, West Pratt Street to the north, and Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard from the western to southern tips. It is adjacent to the University of Maryland, Baltimore, Oriole Park at Camden Yards, and M&T Bank Stadium. It is situated a short walk from MARC Train and the Light Rails Camden Station, which has made it a popular residence of Washington, D.C., and suburban Baltimore commuters. It is within a 5-minute walk of both Oriole Park at Camden Yards and M&T Bank Stadium and a 10-minute walk from Baltimore&#39;s historic Inner Harbor.</p><br>
<p>The land tract of Ridgley&#39;s Delight was surveyed in 1732 for Charles Ridgley.</p><br>
<p>In 1792, James McHenry purchased a 95 acre tract from Ridgely&#39;s Delight and named it Fayetteville in honor of his friend Lafayette.</p><br>
<p>With its name derived from Charles Ridgely IIs plantation Ridgelys Whim, Ridgely&#39;s Delight was originally inhabited by craftspeople but later became home to affluent professionals who used their resources to make the rowhouses more ornate.</p><br>
<p>Ridgely&#39;s Delight is the birthplace of Babe Ruth and home to the Babe Ruth Birthplace and Museum on Emory Street. Several bars and shops are located in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Barre Circle is a small neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is often considered to be a part of Pigtown. Most of the neighborhoods historic homes range from 1840 to 1890, with many populated by graduate students at the nearby University of Marylands Baltimore campus. It is walking distance to the Inner Harbor and the MARC Train&#39;s Camden Station.</p><br>
<p>According to the LiveBaltimore website, Barre Circle is frequently referred to as "Little Georgetown."</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Peacock Lane is a four-block street in southeast Portland, Oregon, in the United States. It is known for its elaborately decorated homes during the Christmas and holiday season.</p><br>
<p>During this time of year, thousands of people come to view the displays, enjoy hot cocoa, and previously take horsedrawn carriage rides, and sing Christmas carols. The street earned a listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tradition of decorating the houses dates back to the 1920s. Since beginning, the event has occurred annually, except for a short interruption during World War II while the United States was rationing valuable resources, including electricity. Additionally, the lane went dark in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><br>
<p>Many homeowners voluntarily pass along their decorations to new residents when they sell their properties. No homeowner is obligated to put up any lights or displays.</p><br>
<p>Popular annual displays include several Peanuts characters ice skating on a small pond, a plywood Oregon State Beaver, and a large wooden Grinch from How the Grinch Stole Christmas! that has been a staple since the 1980s. The Grinch has been vandalized several times over the years. It was stolen for a brief period in 1994 and was decapitated in 1997. The Grinch now has a red bow tied around his neck to help conceal the damages. More recent displays feature characters from Doctor Who, The Muppets, The Nightmare Before Christmas, Star Wars, and several Nickelodeon cartoon shows. A life-sized mural of Will Ferrell&#39;s "Buddy" from the 2003 film Elf adorns a small stand that gives out hot chocolate and coffee.</p><br>
<p>As the annual tradition became increasingly popular, residents on the lane have cited their concerns over vandalism, pollution, litter, heavy traffic, and public urination. As a result, the street is now closed to automobiles on certain evenings. The Portland Police department has also stepped up patrols and employs officers to direct traffic during busier hours.</p><br>
<p>In June 2017, after a developer purchased one of the homes and began building on the lot, the area was nominated for listing on the National Register of Historic Places and earned the designation later that November. Residents were worried that the developer would not build in the traditional English Cottage and Tudor Revival styles of the street. The street contains 27 historic buildings and six buildings that are not considered historic.</p><br>
<p>Clovernook Farm was the family home of poets Alice and Phoebe Cary in what is now North College Hill, Ohio. The farm was once part of a 1 million acre  tract of Springfield Township that was purchased in 1787 by John Cleves Symmes, a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress and a pioneer in the Northwest Territory. The first member of the Cary family in southwestern Ohio was Revolutionary War veteran Christopher Cary, who emigrated to Ohio in 1803 to claim the land grant he was awarded by the Federal government for his military service. His son Robert worked on the family farm before leaving home to fight in the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>In 1813–14, Christophers brother William Cary built a log cabin in the “wilderness” 10 mi north of Cincinnati and moved his family to the area, which was then known as Mill Creek Township. Soon after, William purchased an additional 75 acre north of North Bend Road adjacent to his original tract and sold part of this land to his brothers son Robert. who called the 27 acre Clovernook Farm.</p><br>
<p>After returning home from the war, Robert erected a small three-room frame house for his family in 1814; this home was the birthplace of Alice and Phoebe. Robert also laid out the first community in the area, on the east side of Hamilton Avenue (now also known as USA Route 127), and called it Clovernook as well.</p><br>
<p>The white brick house now known as Cary Cottage, which stands on the campus of the Clovernook Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired at 7000 Hamilton Avenue, was built in 1832. It was a more substantial structure with a frame porch. As their family grew, Robert and his wife Elizabeth divided their nine children among the two homes.</p><br>
<p>Late in life, Alice Cary told a friend about her family&#39;s home in Ohio: "In the autumn of 1832, by persevering industry and frugal living, the farm was at last paid for, and a new and more commodius dwelling erected for the reception of the family. This new dwelling, which is still standing, is no more than the plainest of farm-houses, yet it represents a degree of comfort only attained after a long struggle."</p><br>
<p>The house contains original wooden floors, a narrow winding staircase, a kitchen fireplace and bake oven, and a working outdoor well. The bricks used in its construction were fired on the property. Restoration and furnishing of the house—begun after it was added to the National Register of Historic Places—were aided by a number of descriptive passages in Alice and Phoebe&#39;s poems.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, Cary Cottage became the first home for blind women in Ohio through the work of the Trader sisters, Florence and Georgia (who was blind). The Cary house and the land surrounding it were purchased by William A. Procter, grandson of the Procter & Gamble co-founder, in order to give them in trust to the Traders. As many as thirteen blind and visually impaired women (and one man) lived in the house as the Trader sisters used the land and the home to provide them employment as a source of dignity and direction. This mission became the work of the Clovernook Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired, and it now offers instruction, employment, community living and low vision services for men and women. The center runs three manufacturing departments and is one of the country&#39;s largest volume producers of Braille publications.</p><br>
<p>The Cornelius Wynkoop Stone House is located along US 209 in the hamlet of Stone Ridge, New York, United States. It is a stone house in the Georgian style, built from 1767 to 1772 for Cornelius Evert Wynkoop. It is a contributing property to the Main Street Historic District, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in its own right in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The house combines a Georgian plan with a gambrel roof, an unusual combination reflecting British and Dutch tastes found on only one other stone house in the Hudson Valley. George Washington spent a night at the house as well.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The two-story building sits on a 60 by base. All facades are made of locally quarried gray limestone. The since-modified original first floor plan of a center hall dividing a large room on one side from two smaller ones on the other is still evident in the basement layout, with the original winter kitchen in the southwest corner. The second story is given over to bedrooms and storage space. The fine wide stair, with gumwood balusters and rails gives ascent to the attic, used also for storage.</p><br>
<p>A 24 by stone ell at the rear considerably predates the rest of the house, possibly having been built as early as 1715 as a tenant farmers home. It has evidence of a jambless fireplace, probably removed when the old house was converted into the Wynkoops summer kitchen. Porches and the picket fence out front were added in later years.</p><br>
<p>The interior has changed very little. Care has been taken in contemporary restorations to avoid using newer materials — for example, damaged wood has been reconsolidated with invisible modern epoxies rather than replaced with modern wood. Or, materials and methods true to the period were used. Modern conveniences such as heating, plumbing and electricity were not installed until 1992.</p><br>
<p>A nearby carriage house, the other building on the plot, is a contributing property to the site as it was built around the same time. Six large black locust trees, spaced 10 feet (3 m) apart on the front of the property, date to circa 1770 as well and are also considered integral to its setting.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cornelius Evert Wynkoop was the great-grandson of the original Dutch settler in his family, Cornelis Wynkoop, who established a homestead in nearby Hurley (formerly known as Nieu Dorp), New York, in the 1680s. After marrying Cornelia Mancis in 1766, Wynkoop, the youngest son of a prosperous brewer, purchased 42 acre and probably began construction of his house in the spring of 1767. A commemorative fireback with the inscription "Nov 5 CWK (Cornelius WynKoop)1772" on the first floor suggested to one historian that the house was probably finished in 1772, but that may be unlikely as similar houses built at the same time had been finished in as little as six months, and Wynkoop was not short of cash. The Georgian design was a common one in pattern books but the gambrel roof was distinctly American and very popular at the time. Contemporary tax records suggest that it was one of the largest, if not the largest, house in the Town of Marbletown at the time.</p><br>
<p>Wynkoop served as an officer in the local Minutemen, as well as on the Committee to Detect and Defeat Conspiracies, along with Aaron Burr and Dewitt Clinton. Due to these connections, George Washington slept at his house on the night of November 15, 1782, when he was on his way to Kingston to give a speech and attend services at the Old Dutch Church.</p><br>
<p>After Wynkoops 1795 death, his wife, daughter and son-in-law ran the farm until 1818, when they sold it to the Lounsbery family, headed by the local blacksmith, who had previously lived in what is now Stone Ridges library across the street. Lounsbery&#39;s descendants held on to it through several subdivisions of the land until 1988. The front porch was built ca. 1870. In 1929, they modified the kitchen roof, adding windows and the rear porch. After four years of vacancy, the present owner acquired it in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Photographs of the house and its interiors have appeared in Architectural Digest, Martha Stewart Living and Town and Country, among other publications. It has also been used as a backdrop for photos in the Lands&#39; End and Ralph Lauren catalogs.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Hollingsworth–White House is a well-preserved example of an early frontier fort built near Alto, Georgia in the late 18th century. The fort was built around 1793 by Jacob Hollingsworth on newly opened lands resulting from treaties with the Cherokee Nation, and was meant to protect the settlers in the area. The fort was adapted as a farm residence, principally by the White family, and has passed through generations of owners. It is now operated as a non-profit open-air museum.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hollingsworth was first shown on a map of the Defensive Plan for the Western Frontier, for Franklin County in 1793.</p><br>
<h2>Colonial era</h2><br>
<p>Georgias boundaries in the 1700s can best be described as the wild frontier. Between 1782 and 1797 various treaties were made with the Indians to define Georgias boundaries. Forts were built to protect the settlers who lived on the frontier from local indigenous Indians who were likely to be incited by misunderstandings. Horses and farm animals were often stolen and families had to be protected in fortress-type buildings surrounded by wooden fences.</p><br>
<p>The lands of the first settlers of Franklin County, whose lands were granted by the State of Georgia between 1783 and 1788, lay north of the Indian Boundary fixed by the Treaty of Hopewell of 1785. These lands were granted under the impression that they lay south of the agreed boundary line. When this line was surveyed it was found that these lands lay north of the boundary line in the Cherokee Nation. The Indians demanded their immediate removal.</p><br>
<p>Col. William H. Wofford and Jacob Hollingsworth moved from North Carolina to Franklin County, Georgia in 1792. The area where they settled was known as Wofford&#39;s Settlement. When the line was surveyed by Benjamin Hawkins in 1798, Col. Wofford learned that their settlement was considered to be in Indian territory. He along with other settlers in the area petitioned Georgia Governor James Jackson to have the line re-drawn, or to take such action to protect them and their possessions from Indian raids.</p><br>
<p>Some sources claim that Col. Wofford mounted his horse and rode to Washington to talk with the authorities about his land holdings in Georgia. Settlers wrote a letter to Governor Josiah Tattnall, requesting a tract of land five miles wide between the Tugaloo and Apalachee Rivers, and asked the Governor to support their petition. The result was the "Four Mile Purchase" of 1804. The Indians ceded a strip of land four miles wide (from the Habersham – Banks County line on Baldwin Mountain, to on old Hwy. 441) and 23 miles long (extending from Currahee Mountain to the head waters of the South Oconee River) which included the Wofford Settlement. A line of felled trees some twenty-feet wide originally marked the line, which became a "no man&#39;s land." The United States agreed to pay the Cherokees $5,000 and $1,000 per annum for the property rights.</p><br>
<p>When the boundary lines were redrawn as part of the Treaty of Tellico, Fort Hollingsworth was in Franklin County, then in Habersham County and finally in Banks County (1858).</p><br>
<p>By about 1796, conflicts with local Indian tribes were no longer a concern and the string of frontier forts were no longer necessary. The forts soon became log farmhouses.</p><br>
<p>The Woffords and Hollingsworths traveled together to new frontiers in the West using passports to travel through Indian territory. Genealogy records show, as the years passed, that many of their descendants packed up their belongings and moved farther west. Fort Hollingsworth was left on vacant lands.</p><br>
<p>In Habersham County Inferior Court, setting as a land court, May term 1855, William B. Wofford, son of Nathaniel Wofford, grandson of Col. William H. Wofford, petitioned the court for a head rights warrant for vacant lands. He received the grant from the state on Oct. 2, 1855. He sold Fort Hollingsworth to Robert McMillan on April 18, 1857. McMillan soon after sold the property to John Lane.</p><br>
<h2>John Lane obtains Fort Hollingsworth</h2><br>
<p>John Lane owned the property for a little over a month when the Civil War started. He then went to war, serving in Company D of the 43rd Regiment of Georgia (CSA). He also served in the Volunteer Infantry in the Army of Tennessee (CSA), otherwise known as the "Middle River Volunteers." Lane would not return from his service in the Confederate States Army. He was killed in Tennessee while he was returning from getting water from a spring in a friendly fire incident. His men mistook him for the enemy and shot him.</p><br>
<h2>The White House</h2><br>
<p>Joshua White and Katharine Lane White (John&#39;s sister) obtained the fort and made it their home. They built the addition to the two story single pen that had been the fort and made it look like any other farmhouse of the mid 1800s. The addition was linked to the original structure by a covered walkway, known as a dogtrot.</p><br>
<p>In 1903 the fort was passed to the children of Joshua and Katharine Lane White. Lafayette (Fate) and Emma Payne White raised their family there. In 1936 Beacher White, grandson of Josh and Katy White, acquired the property. In 1980 it passed to Beacher and Mellie Segars White&#39;s children.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hollingsworth–White House looks very much today as it did in the 1860s. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Fort Hollingsworth–White House is operated by the non-profit organization, Friends of the Fort.</p><br>
<p>A recent addition to the property was the acquisition (and ongoing restoration) of some outbuildings from the Chandler-David family property near Five Points on the Old Carnesville Road in Banks County. These buildings include a smoke house, a wash house, and a corn crib, all dating from around 1835–1840.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology at Fort Hollingsworth</h2><br>
<p>The LAMAR Institute performed a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey of major portions of the yard at Fort Hollingsworth in 2014. The results of this survey are fully documented in a research report by Daniel T. Elliott.</p><br>
<p>Washington Park  is a 372 acre Washington Park is the largest of four Chicago Park District parks named after persons surnamed Washington . Located in the park is the DuSable Museum of African American History. This park was the proposed site of the Olympic Stadium and the Olympic swimming venue for Chicago&#39;s bid to host the 2016 Summer Olympics. Washington Park was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 20, 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Planning</h2><br>
<p>Washington Park was conceived by Paul Cornell, a Chicago real estate magnate who had founded the adjoining town of Hyde Park. Cornell had lobbied the Illinois General Assembly to establish the South Park Commission. After his efforts succeeded in 1869, the South Park Board of Commissioners identified more than 1,000 acre south of Chicago for a large park and boulevards that would connect it with downtown and the extant West Park System. Originally called South Park, the property was composed of eastern and western divisions, now bearing the names Jackson and Washington Parks and the Midway Plaisance. Cornell hired Frederick Law Olmsted and his partner, Calvert Vaux, to lay out the park in the 1870s. Their blueprints were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.</p><br>
<p>When Olmsted first examined the property, he saw a field filled with bare trees and decided to maintain its character by creating a meadow surrounded by trees. His plan for the park called for sheep to graze as a means of keeping the grass short. Cornell convinced Olmsted to include sporting areas, although Olmsted wanted a more natural feel to the park, which included a 13 acre lake. The Western division was renamed Washington Park in 1881.</p><br>
<p>Olmsted designed the park to have two broad boulevards cutting through it, making it part of the Chicago boulevard system. From Washington Park, one can take the Midway east to Jackson Park, Garfield Boulevard west to Chicago Midway International Airport, or Drexel Boulevard north to the central city.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Horace William Shaler Cleveland executed the plans within the limitations of the financial setbacks from the fire (including the loss of tax rolls) and the 1873 depression. However, spending for the park was diverted after the Great Chicago Fire in 1871. The loss of financial backing and difficulty in levying taxes after the fire meant that a water park could not be built on the property. The Washington Park Conservatory, like those of other city parks such as Humboldt and Douglas Parks, was torn down in the 1930s due to limited resources as a result of the Great Depression. This left Lincoln Park and Garfield Park as Chicago&#39;s main Conservatories.</p><br>
<p>One of the earliest improvements was the "South Open Green", a pastoral meadow with grazing sheep, also used as a ball field. Architect Daniel H. Burnham&#39;s firm designed the 1880 limestone round stables, the 1881 refectory, and the 1910 administrative headquarters for the South Park Commission. Other early attractions to the park included riding stables, cricket grounds, baseball fields, a toboggan slide, archery ranges, a golf course, Swimming pool, bicycle paths, row boats, horseshoe pits, greenhouses, a rose garden, a bandstand, a small zoo featuring six alligators, and a lily pond.</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>On December 6, 1879, former USA President Ulysses Grant took part in a tree planting ceremony in the park. A memorial boulder with a plaque (both of which have been removed from the park, along with the tree) commemorated the event. In the 1920s black semiprofessional baseball teams played at Washington Park.</p><br>
<p>At the southeast corner of the park, at 61st and Cottage Grove, Washington Park Race Track operated between 1883 and 1905. It was one of the largest and grandest horse racetracks of its time. A nine-hole golf course was built in the infield and several of its buildings survive today as part of the Park District. This includes the stables used by Chicago Police at 58th and Cottage Grove. The racetrack closed after Illinois outlawed gambling, and the name was transferred to a second track in Homewood, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The USA Cross Country Championships were held in the park in 1933, 1957, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967, 1970 and 1972.</p><br>
<p>Washington Park was a site of tension and conflict arising from the demographic changes resulting from the African American expansion into the neighborhood in the period following the First World War. The park has since 1961 hosted the DuSable Museum of African American History, a leader in the promotion of the history, art and culture of African American heritage.</p><br>
<h3>2016 Olympic bid</h3><br>
<p>On September 21, 2006, Mayor Richard M. Daley announced that an Olympic Stadium was being proposed for Washington Park as part of Chicago&#39;s bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics (The International Olympic Committee requires cities have a dome with a seating capacity of at least 80,000 in order to be considered as summer Olympics hosts). The stadium would have seated 95,000 initially for the games, and would have been converted to a 10,000-seat below-ground arena for track-and-field and cultural events after the Olympics. The cost was estimated to be at least US$300–400 million. The plan replaced the initial dual stadium opening ceremony facility.</p><br>
<p>Additional details about the plan included new permanent hockey fields, use of Jones Armory, and new pedestrian juncture between the two halves of the park by tunneling part of Morgan Drive (55th). A later December 2008 plan added the olympic swimming venue to the park. The plan faced opposition from those holding the view that Washington Parks listing on the National Register of Historic Places could not have survived the execution of this Olympic plan. In addition to the opposition, the plan faced constraints because of the parks landmark status, which precluded federal money from being used to build a temporary stadium in the park. The October 2009 decision to award the 2016 Summer Games to Rio de Janeiro halted these plans.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Washington Park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a United States Registered Historic District. Its National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Submission consisted of 3,670 acre containing 15 contributing buildings, 28 contributing structures, and 8 contributing objects. Interesting sights in the Park include the DuSable Museum of African American History and its sculpture garden, the Lorado Taft sculpture Fountain of Time, and an architecturally distinctive National Guard armory. Washington Park is a social center of the South Side and hosts many festivals in the summer, including Chicagos best organized cricket league and the terminus of the Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic. It is also the host of the annual UniverSoul Circus which comes to the park each fall (its first performance at the park was 1996). The largest 16" softball league in Chicago is played there on Sundays (called "Sundays Best Softball League"). There are 34 teams who play on 13 diamonds. There is also a weekday evening league.</p><br>
<p>The Tusayan Ruins  is an 800-year-old Pueblo Indian site located within Grand Canyon National Park, and is considered by the National Park Service  to be one of the major archeological sites in Arizona.</p><br>
<p>The site consists of a small, u-shaped pueblo featuring a living area, storage rooms, and a kiva. Tree ring studies indicate that the site was occupied for about twenty years, beginning around 1185. It is found on the Desert View Drive portion of Arizona State Route 64, 3 miles west of the Desert View Watchtower. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The site was excavated in 1930 by members of the Gila Pueblo of Globe, Arizona. Preservation work took place in 1948 and 1965. The site represents the survival of an isolated Pueblo II culture into the Pueblo III era.</p><br>
<p>The Tusayan Ruin and Museum is a NPS interpreted location, which includes a trail from the museum thru part of the ruin. Tours may be ranger lead or self-guided. The Tusayan Museum was built in 1928 to a design by National Park Service architect Herbert Maier and sponsored by Laura Spelman Rockefeller as a trailside museum. It was expanded in 1934, and represents an interpretation of a Hopi structure.</p><br>
<p>Gold Brook Covered Bridge, also known as Stowe Hollow Bridge or Emily&#39;s Bridge, is a small wooden covered bridge in the town of Stowe, Lamoille County, Vermont, carrying Covered Bridge Road over Gold Brook. Built in 1844, it is the only 19th-century covered bridge in the state built using wooden Howe trusses and carrying a public roadway. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gold Brook Covered Bridge is located in the Stowe Hollow area of southeastern Stowe, carrying Covered Bridge Road across Gold Brook just north of a junction with Gold Brook Road and Stowe Hollow Road. The bridge is a single-span Howe truss, 48.5 ft long and 17 ft wide, with a roadway width of 13.5 ft. It is covered by a gabled metal roof and rests on dry-laid stone abutments. The exterior is sheathed in vertical board siding, which extends most of the way to the eaves, leaving a narrow strip open at the top. The siding extends around the portals and a short way to their insides. The bridge decking is wooden planking.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built about 1844 by,thy and is the state&#39;s only surviving example of a Howe truss in timber on a public roadway. It is also a comparatively early example of the truss type in general; the Howe truss was patented in 1840. It is furthermore the only surviving 19th-century covered bridge in the town of Stowe.</p><br>
<h2>In the media</h2><br>
<h3>Television</h3><br>
<p>The Gold Brook Covered Bridge was featured as one of the haunted locations on the Paranormal TV series Most Terrifying Places in America episode titled "Cursed Towns", which aired on the Travel Channel in 2018. It told the legend of Emily, a teenage bride-to-be who was from a poor family. It is said by locals that in the 1850s, she fell in love with a young man from a rich family, but his parents refused the wedding. He told her to wait on the bridge for him at midnight, but when he didn&#39;t show up, she was so distraught, that she jumped off the bridge into the brook below and died. Locals report that her ghost is still lingering on the bridge that was nicknamed after her.</p><br>
<p>Rose Hill Cemetery is a 50-acre cemetery located on the banks of the Ocmulgee River in Macon, Georgia, United States, that opened in 1840. Simri Rose, a horticulturist and designer of the cemetery, was instrumental in the planning of the city of Macon and planned Rose Hill Cemetery in return for being able to choose his own burial plot. The cemetery is named in his honor.</p><br>
<p>Rose Hill Cemetery was a hangout and artistic inspiration for the Allman Brothers Band during their early years. The Allman Brothers&#39; slide guitarist Duane Allman, keyboardist and vocalist Gregg Allman, drummer Butch Trucks and bassist Berry Oakley are interred here.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Simri Rose, Ambrose Baber, Levi Eckley, and R. W. Willis were commissioned in 1836 to find a place for what would become Macon&#39;s third cemetery (Fort Hill Cemetery and Old City Cemetery were the first and second, respectively.) The committee decided to establish the cemetery outside of the city because the land there was less expensive. As a horticulturist, Simri Rose was personally involved in deciding the location and type of trees and flowers. Rose Hill Cemetery was originally designed to be a garden cemetery with landscaping, similar to Mount Auburn Cemetery, as it was intended to function as both a cemetery and a local park.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery sections</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery has one Catholic section for Saint Josephs Catholic Church and seven Jewish sections: Hebrew Lot, Jew Lot, New Hebrew Lot, Polish Lot, Russian Lot, Sherah Israel, and William Wolff. Oak Ridge, a section within Rose Hill Cemetery that was created in 1851, is the final resting place for an unknown number of slaves. Soldiers Square holds around 600 Confederate troops.</p><br>
<h2>Current condition</h2><br>
<p>Many factors contribute to the cemetery&#39;s change in appearance. Age and exposure to the elements weathered marble statues and tombstones. Most of the dirt paths were paved between 1927 and 1960. Overcrowding contributed to the change in appearance not only because more people were taking up more room, but because digging new graves would damage the roots of nearby trees. A tornado on March 13, 1954, also uprooted many trees. The addition of a railroad in 1881 cut off access to the Ocmulgee River and Interstate 16 added traffic noise.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is part of a self-guided walking tour of Macon and is the site of the semi-annual Rose Hill Ramble sponsored by the Middle Georgia Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Duane Allman</p><br>
<p>Gregg Allman</p><br>
<p>Clifford Anderson</p><br>
<p>Augustus Octavius Bacon</p><br>
<p>Charles Lafayette Bartlett</p><br>
<p>John Birch</p><br>
<p>James Henderson Blount</p><br>
<p>Peter J. Bracken – engineer of stolen The Texas locomotive in the Great Locomotive Chase</p><br>
<p>Alfred H. Colquitt</p><br>
<p>Philip Cook</p><br>
<p>Alfred H. Colquitt</p><br>
<p>Harry Stillwell Edwards</p><br>
<p>Eugenia Tucker Fitzgerald</p><br>
<p>Samuel Francis Gove</p><br>
<p>LeRoy Wiley Gresham</p><br>
<p>Thomas Hardeman Jr.</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Edwin Harris</p><br>
<p>James Jackson – US Congressman, judge advocate in the American Civil War, and a chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia.</p><br>
<p>Henry Graybill Lamar</p><br>
<p>John Basil Lamar</p><br>
<p>Buck Melton – Mayor of Macon, Georgia (1975–79)</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Reed Napier (1845–1935) – inspiration for the Allman Brothers song "In Memory of Elizabeth Reed"</p><br>
<p>Eugenius Aristides Nisbet</p><br>
<p>Berry Oakley</p><br>
<p>Oliver H. Prince</p><br>
<p>J. Neel Reid</p><br>
<p>Simri Rose – Rose Hill Cemetery&#39;s architect and designer</p><br>
<p>George Washington Bonaparte Towns</p><br>
<p>Edward D. Tracy</p><br>
<p>Butch Trucks</p><br>
<p>Phil Walden</p><br>
<p>Blanton Winship – Major general of the United States Army, Judge Advocate General (1931–33), Governor of Puerto Rico (1934–39)</p><br>
<p>Lou Mitchells, also known as Lou Mitchells Restaurant, is a Chicago diner located at 565 W. Jackson Boulevard. It is a popular restaurant for commuters, as it is located near Union Station. It is also located near the start of USA Route 66 and was frequented by many people at the start of their journey along the road, earning it the nickname "the first stop on the Mother Road." In May 2002, the Nationwide Route 66 restoration program was launched at Lou Mitchell&#39;s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Lou Mitchell&#39;s has been owned by Heleen Thanasouras. She appeared as the guest judge for the Quickfire Challenge of Episode 11 of Top Chef (season 4), which involved working at "the hull", or egg station, at the restaurant for twenty minutes.</p><br>
<p>In November 2015, Heleen died at age 63.</p><br>
<p>The Estufa is a historic structure on the University of New Mexico campus in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It was built in 1907–08 by a local social fraternity and has served since 1915 as the primary meeting location of the universitys Pi Kappa Alpha chapter. The buildings history is steeped in fraternity lore and supposedly no woman has ever seen its interior. It is listed in both the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Estufa is modeled after a kiva, a ceremonial meeting place used by the Pueblo people. It has thick adobe walls and contains a single windowless room with seating around the edges. Construction of the building was guided by university president William G. Tight, who promoted the use of Pueblo Revival architecture on campus. The Estufa was one of the first buildings in New Mexico to employ this style.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>An estufa is an assembly room in a dwelling of the Pueblo Indians (i.e. a kiva), per Webster&#39;s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Estufa was built in 1907–08 by the local social fraternity Alpha Alpha Alpha, previously known as the Yum Yum Society. The project received support from university president William G. Tight, who was interested in strengthening the Greek system on campus. At the same time, Tight had been working to promote Pueblo Revival architecture at the university and had already overseen construction of two new dormitories and a boiler plant in the Pueblo style. Under this influence, the Tri-Alphas built their meeting room in the form of a kiva or "estufa," a traditional feature of Pueblo architecture.</p><br>
<p>Ground was broken on the project in January 1907, though the work evidently proceeded slowly and it was not finished until April 1908. The U.N.M. Weekly student newspaper reported that month that</p><br>
<p>The Tri-Alphas held their first meeting in the Estufa on February 20, 1908, while the building was still unfinished. In 1915, Alpha Alpha Alpha became the Beta Delta chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha, the universitys first national fraternity, and the Estufa has continued to serve as the chapters primary meeting location for nearly 100 years. During its long history as a fraternity council room, the Estufa has been involved in numerous pranks</p><br>
<p>The Estufa has survived both accidental and intentional vehicular collisions as well as "attempts to destroy it with fire, dynamite, water and other weapons" according to an Albuquerque Journal article from 1952. In 1947 alone, the building was set on fire four times. It was also damaged by an accidental gas explosion in 1958 that left five people injured. In the 1960s, the building seemed doomed by a University Boulevard widening project, but city planners ultimately chose a road alignment further to the west that kept the Estufa out of harm&#39;s way. It was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Estufa is an elliptical, one-story building loosely modeled after a kiva at Santo Domingo Pueblo. As such, it was one of the earliest expressions of the Pueblo Revival style in New Mexico, and is the oldest surviving example at UNM. The walls are adobe and are approximately 14 in thick. The building was originally accessed via an external staircase and roof trapdoor, but this arrangement has since been replaced by a more conventional door. The interior of the Estufa contains a single windowless room, approximately 500 ft&sup2; in area, which has been described as a pit with seating around the edge.</p><br>
<p>Despite the prevalence of Pueblo style architecture at UNM, the Estufa is one of only two buildings on campus actually made out of adobe. The other is the Naval Science Building designed by John Gaw Meem.</p><br>
<p>The Malcolm X House Site located at 3448 Pinkney Street in North Omaha, Nebraska, marks the place where Malcolm X first lived with his family. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 and is also on the Nebraska list of heritage sites.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Malcolm Little was born at University of Nebraska at Omaha Hospital on May 19, 1925, to Earl and Louise Little. Earl Little was a Christian minister and active in the local community. In his autobiography, Malcolm X stated that his family left Omaha for Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1926 because of threats from the Ku Klux Klan.</p><br>
<p>The house was torn down in 1965, before the owners, the Moore family, knew about the connection with Malcolm X. Malcolm X&#39;s significance in American history and culture was honored when the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 1, 1984. This recognition is marked at the site. A State Historical Marker was added in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Civic and union activist Rowena Moore, whose father had lived in the house and owned the property, led efforts to have the house site recognized as a historic site to acknowledge Malcolm Xs importance. She said her family was unaware of the connection until her sister discovered it by reading Malcolm Xs autobiography in 1970. She also hoped to build a museum there in his honor. Moore purchased more property around the site.</p><br>
<p>Today the 10 acre of land are owned by the Malcolm X Foundation. They have plans to purchase more property to create a park, and to connect it to the municipal Adams Park to the south. In 2008, the foundation established six plots on the site for a community garden.</p><br>
<p>The Y-Bridge is an old highway bridge over the James River located at Galena, Stone County, Missouri, and opened in 1927. This three-way bridge is named the Y-Bridge because it is shaped like the letter "Y". The bridge is such that , one could then either head north or south upon reaching the east end, where the highway was between a steep bluff on the east and the river on the west. It was built to accommodate Routes 13 and 44, now Routes 413 and 248.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is now closed to vehicles and has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. A newer bridge to the north carries traffic over the river.</p><br>
<p>Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art  is an art museum located on the campus of the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. The original building was designed by Ellis F. Lawrence as part of his "main university quadrangle," now known as the Memorial Quadrangle. Its first Director, Asian art collector, and female museum specialist Gertrude Bass Warner, also influenced the building&#39;s design, particularly its innovative climate control measures. The museum is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The University of Oregon Museum of Art opened its doors to the public in 1933. Designed by Ellis F. Lawrence, UO dean of Architecture & Allied Arts at the time, the museum was built to house the Murray Warner Collection of Oriental Art—more than 3,700 works of art given to the university by Gertrude Bass Warner. Warner had pushed for arts education based on material culture since moving to Eugene in 1920s, and the collections first home had been Gerlinger Hall, the Womans Memorial Hall attributed to first female regent and art enthusiast Irene Hazard Gerlinger, where it resided until 1933. As the museum&#39;s first director and "curator for life," Warner sought to bridge cultural divides through art and culture education, as seen in the inaugural set of conditions for the Murray Warner Collection of Oriental Art: "It is my wish, hope and prayer that the officers in charge of this collection, the President of the University, and the professors of the University keep in mind the object of this gift, and keep presenting to the students and the public the ideas of fellowship, friendship and love toward our neighbors across the Pacific—that peace may always be maintained in order that this collection may be a blessing and that love may reign at home and abroad. (Oregana, 1934, pp. 165-167)"</p><br>
<p>A major museum expansion took place from 2002 to 2005, at which time the museum was given its current name in honor of Schnitzer, the major donor for the expansion work.</p><br>
<h2>Branches</h2><br>
<p>Two other universities, Portland State University and Washington State University, also have a Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art. All three entities are operated by their respective university.</p><br>
<h2>Mission and activities</h2><br>
<p>The Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art enhances the University of Oregons academic mission and furthers the appreciation and enjoyment of the visual arts for the general public. It aims to provide an atmosphere of discovery &ndash; the JSMA mission statement includes this guiding principle: "We recognize our visitors different learning styles and the needs of a multigenerational and diverse audience".</p><br>
<p>The only academic museum in Oregon accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, the JSMA hosts exhibitions and houses collections of historic and contemporary art. It manages research and educational programs and publishes resources in support the university&#39;s academic mission, including outreach initiatives to serve the diverse interests of off-campus communities.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits</h2><br>
<p>The JSMA&#39;s standing galleries present from its holdings of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and American art, as well as an extensive collection of contemporary Cuban art, including the original vintage photographs from the personal collection of Cuban photographer Alberto Korda.</p><br>
<p>Special exhibition galleries display curated artwork both from these permanent collections and outside collections, representing cultures across the globe, past and present. A new exhibit is planned for the museum featuring work addressing the Black Lives Matter movement.</p><br>
<h2>Inscriptions</h2><br>
<p>The buildings contains three prominent quotations on its main, west-facing facade. Above the door, there is a quotation from Proverbs, near the south end of the facade there is a passage from Plato, and on the north part a quotation from Lao Tzu.</p><br>
<p>In addition, the cornerstone contains a passage from Psalms.</p><br>
<p>Lime Rock is a village and historic district  in the town of Salisbury, Connecticut, United States, situated on the Salmon Kill. The village center and the historic district are substantially similar. The surrounding area is also generally referred to as Lime Rock.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Formerly known as "The Hollow", Lime Rock became a center of the iron industry with the establishment by Thomas Lamb of a forge in the village around 1734. As the iron industry expanded, Lime Rock later became the home of the Barnum and Richardson Company, which made it the capital of the historic iron industry of the upper Housatonic Valley. USA Senator William Henry Barnum, the chief executive of Barnum and Richardson and longest serving Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, resided in Lime Rock, and was the founder of Trinity Episcopal Church Trinity Lime Rock. He, along with many other personages of the area&#39;s historic iron industry, is buried in the Lime Rock Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>By 1923, Barnum and Richardson had closed its eastern works, which went bankrupt. Initially the village was largely abandoned, but by 1927 it had become the home of an artist colony, the Lime Rock Artists Association, which hosted major exhibits in the village in each of the nine years from 1927 through 1935. The original historic village is still largely intact.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, Alfred Korzybski moved the Institute of General Semantics from Chicago to the former Richardson mansion in Lime Rock where he directed it until his death in 1950. The Institute remained in Lime Rock until 1981 when it moved elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>Today Lime Rock is best known as the location of the automobile racing course at Lime Rock Park.</p><br>
<p>The Carneal House is a historic residence located at 405 East Second Street in Covington, Kentucky, United States. Commonly believed to be Covingtons oldest surviving structure, the home was begun in the year 1815 by Thomas D. Carneal, one of the founders of the city of Covington. Carneal House is a two-story brick home with arched windows, built in an Italianate-Federalist style and somewhat influenced by late-Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. Among noted visitors to the home was Revolutionary War hero the Marquis de Lafayette, who paid a call during his final American tour in 1824–1825. House was built for Aaron Gano in 1815 and sold to William Southgate in 1825. Lafayettes visit to the Southgates has been misunderstood, since the visit took place at Mrs. Adelizza Keene Southgate&#39;s home in Lexington, where they were visiting.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Mr. Carneal, the home was purchased by William Wright Southgate, a Congressman from Northern Kentucky who circa 1835 added the large west wing as residence for his extended family of thirteen children, in-laws, and household retainers. The home is part of Covington&#39;s prestigious Riverside Drive Historic District, and in recent years has operated as a private residence, and as a commercial bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>Golden Hill is an affluent and historic neighborhood overlooking the White River on the west side of Indianapoliss Center Township, in Marion County, Indiana. The district is bounded on the east by Clifton Street, which is west of Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard ; on the west by the White River and the Central Canal; on the south by Thirty-sixth Street; and on the north by Woodstock Country Club, immediately south of Thirty-eighth Street. Golden Hill is noted for its collection of homes designed by several of the citys prominent architects. The estate homes reflect several styles of period revival architecture. The district is known as for its community planning and remains an exclusive enclave for the city&#39;s prominent families. Golden Hill was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Originally platted by 1872, the area remained undeveloped until David McLean Parry, a wealthy Indianapolis industrialist, acquired a 100 acre tract on a ridge overlooking the White River between 1900 and 1907. The neighborhood takes its name from Parrys Golden Hill estate home. Scottish landscape architect George MacDougall designed its grounds. Further development began after Parrys death in 1915, when Parrys heirs hired MacDougall to plan an elegant residential subdivision. Platted as Golden Hill Estates, it was among the citys elite neighborhoods by the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Fifty-four grand homes, several of them designed by Indianapoliss leading architects, were built along Golden Hills winding, tree-lined streets. All but eleven of them were built between 1915 and 1940, the historic districts period of significance. The neighborhoods oldest home dates to 1895. One of Golden Hills unusual features was an Alaskan totem pole that once stood near on the Parry estate. Totem Lane is named in reference to the local landmark, which was one of fifteen totem poles that Alaskas district governor, John Green Brady, collected from villages in southeastern Alaska in 1903. They were displayed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Louis in 1904. (The one that ended up at Golden Hill was placed outside the Esquimau Village.) A replica of the Golden Hill totem pole is installed at The Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art in Indianapolis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although it had been platted in 1872, the neighborhood that became known as Golden Hill remained undeveloped until David McLean Parry, a wealthy industrialist and president of the Parry Manufacturing Company in Indianapolis, acquired property in the area between 1900 and 1907 to build a new home. Parry named his private estate Golden Hill. Scottish landscape architect George MacDougall designed the grounds for the estate on 100 acre of woods and rolling terrain overlooking the White River.</p><br>
<p>Further development began after Parrys death in 1915, when the family hired George MacDougall to plan an elegant residential subdivision with additional curving streets and beautiful green spaces for the citys wealthy families. Parry&#39;s heirs divided his land into smaller parcels, which was platted as Golden Hill Estates in 1915. Lots in the new residential development initially sold for $2,000 to $3,000 each.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s Golden Hill was among the citys elite neighborhoods that also included the estate developments of Woodstock, Crows Nest, and Williams Creek. Of the fifty-four grand homes built at Golden Hill, all but of eleven of them were constructed between 1915 and 1940, the historic districts period of significance. Golden Hills collection of homes, several of them designed by the citys prominent architects, reflect a variety of period revival architecture styles. The district is also known as for its community planning.</p><br>
<p>In addition to Parry, whose heirs remained at Golden Hill until 1941, the neighborhoods previous residents included Dr. and Mrs. George H. A. Clowes, William B. Stokely (chairman of the board of Stokely-Van Camp, Inc. from 1948 to 1966), and William A. Atkins (heir to the E. C. Atkins and Company), among others. Ownership of Golden Hill homes generally stayed within the neighborhoods families, or were sold to family friends. Few were listed for sale on the open real estate market until the early 1990s. The Golden Hill Historic District remains an exclusive enclave for the city&#39;s prominent families. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Golden Hill is an affluent and historic neighborhood on an upper ridge overlooking the White River. It is located on the near northwest side of Indianapolis, about 4.5 mi from the citys center. The secluded neighborhood on gently rolling terrain is bounded on the east by Clifton Street, which is west of Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard (formerly Northwestern Avenue), on the west by the White River and the Central Canal, on the south by Thirty-sixth Street, and on the north by Woodstock Country Club, which is immediately south of Thirty-eighth Street. The historic districts eastern boundary is adjacent to Bertha Ross Park, which obscures the neighborhood from traffic on Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>Golden Hill&#39;s estate homes are set along winding, tree-lined streets, on secluded property. The area immediately south of Golden Hill, south of Thirty-sixth Street, contains a neighborhood of smaller homes, many of them in the Bungalow and American Foursquare architectural styles.</p><br>
<h2>Notable features</h2><br>
<p>Golden Hill remains a residential neighborhood of large estate homes in park-like setting with well-manicured lawns and gardens. The historic district contains fifty-four estate homes. Eleven of them fall outside the district&#39;s period of historical significance, which is 1904 to 1940.</p><br>
<h3>Oldest home</h3><br>
<p>The neighborhood&#39;s oldest home dates to 1895, when it served at the homestead for the surrounding farmland. It was later altered into a substantial home in the Neo-Classical style.</p><br>
<h3>Parry estate</h3><br>
<p>The neighborhood takes its name from David M. Parry&#39;s estate, which he called Golden Hill. The expansive home, built on a bluff overlooking the White River and the Central Canal in 1904, has an American Craftsman architectural style with Tudor Revival elements. William A. Atkins purchased the home on 4.5 acre of land in 1927. The Atkins family, who remodeled and enlarged the home to 21,000 square feet, continued as its owners until the 1960s. The vacant and deteriorated home was restored in 2012.</p><br>
<h3>Other homes</h3><br>
<p>Several of Indianapoliss leading architects designed homes at Golden Hill. These include Frederick Wallick; Pierre and Wright; Burns and James; and Foltz, Osler and Thompson, among others. The districts homes have a variety of architectural styles such as Tudor Revival, Colonial Revival, French Eclectic architecture, Italian Renaissance, and Spanish Mission Revival.</p><br>
<p>One home on Governors Road is notable for its unusual building materials. It was constructed around 1936 of concrete masonry in an effort to make it fireproof. The home&#39;s cinderblock exterior is covered in stucco.</p><br>
<h3>Bridge, gatehouse, and gates</h3><br>
<p>Golden Hill&#39;s stone bridge, gatehouse, and stone entrance gates at Thirty-sixth Street and Totem Lane are part of the original Parry estate and date from the turn of the twentieth century, when MacDougall initially designed the landscape. The fieldstone walls and gatehouse are built in the American Craftsman style to complement the Parry home.</p><br>
<h3>Totem Lane</h3><br>
<p>Golden Hill&#39;s Totem Lane is named in reference to a totem pole that once stood on the grounds of the Parry estate. The totem pole originally came from the Haida village of Koianglas, Alaska. Thirteen poles were eventually returned to Alaska and installed in the Sitka National Historical Park, one was sold to the Milwaukee Public Museum, and Gardner purchased the one he gave to Parry.</p><br>
<p>The totem pole remained a Golden Hill landmark until 1948, when the decayed pole, which had fallen down during a storm, was removed. None of its remains are known to exist. The totem&#39;s site at Golden Hill is identified with an Indiana Historical Bureau marker. A stone and bronze monument also marks its former location on the Parry estate. A replica of the Golden Hill totem pole was raised on April 13, 1996, on the front lawn of The Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art in Indianapolis, and was later installed in an interior atrium at the museum.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Paterson is the main commercial district of Paterson, Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The area is the oldest part of the city, along the banks of the Passaic River and its Great Falls. It is roughly bounded by Interstate 80, Garret Mountain Reservation, Route 19, Oliver Street, and Spruce Street on the south; the Passaic River, West Broadway, Cliff Street, North 3rd Street, Haledon Avenue, and the borough of Prospect Park on the west; and the Passaic River also to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>After a devastating fire in 1902, the city rebuilt the downtown with massive Beaux-Arts-style buildings, many of which remain to this day. and are contributing properties to the Downtown Commercial Historic District. These buildings are usually four to seven stories tall. Downtown Paterson is home to City Hall and the Passaic County Court House, two of the city&#39;s architectural landmarks. City Hall was designed by the New York firm Carrere and Hastings in 1894 and is modeled after the Hôtel de Ville (city hall) in Lyon, France, capital of the silk industry in Europe. Downtown abounds with buildings designed by Fred Wesley Wentworth, some in collaboration with his draftsman and later partner Frederick J. Vreeland, who worked in the city from the turn of the century to the 1930s. The Cathedral of St. John the Baptist survived the fire. As the county seat Paterson is home to the Passaic County Court House complex, Passaic County Community College, and several federal and state offices. Center City Mall is a 320,000 ft&sup2; shopping mall at 301 Main Street opened in 2009. The massive Masjid Jalalabad mosque, which can accommodate 1,500 worshippers, is located on Van Houten Street. Paterson Broadway Bus Terminal is a major regional bus terminal. Downtown has a diverse ethnic makeup with large Dominican, Puerto Rican, Peruvian, and Mexican populations. Little Lima is the largest Peruvian American enclave in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Paterson Downtown Commercial Historic District is a 41 acre historic district containing parts of Main, Market, Ellison, Van Houten, Broadway, West Broadway, Fair, Prospect, Cianci, Church, Colt, Washington and Hamilton streets in downtown Paterson. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 12, 1999 for its significance in architecture, commerce, and community planning and development. The district includes 210 contributing buildings and one contributing object. It includes the Paterson City Hall, which was added individually to the NRHP in 1995. The Paterson Great Falls National Historical Park and Public School Number Two are located nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Tallest commercial buildings</h2><br>
<h2>CBD, SID, and UEZ</h2><br>
<p>The central business district of Paterson is the area closest to the Passaic River on the west side of the city. The areas along Market Street and Main Street are some of the busiest and largest commercial districts in Paterson. Downtown was once a shopping mecca for northern New Jersey. As with many other older urban cores in the United States, it suffered as shoppers and retailers moved to the suburban shopping malls of the region. For a large part, Downtown retailers are "mom and pop" retailers who employ local residents. In 1997, a special improvement district (SID) created by Merchants and Businesses of Downtown Paterson, comprising over 300 stakeholders, updated storefronts and beautified city streets with signage and lighting. Downtown SID employees supplement the municipal cleaning, informational, and safety services of the city by maintaining a "Clean and Safe" staff. The association participates in many city activities with sponsorships such as the Great Falls Festival and the annual 4th of July fireworks show, one of Northern New Jersey&#39;s largest. Additionally, the SID implements several events throughout the year in Downtown Paterson. Downtown Paterson was an Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ), which means that participating stores sell merchandise at 3.5% sales tax, instead of the normal 7% sales tax. The UEZ also invested greatly in Downtown Paterson and the entire stretch of Main Street, with a beautification project. New street furniture such as benches, garbage cans, newspaper kiosks, bus shelters, clocks, bike racks have been installed.</p><br>
<h2>Dublin Area</h2><br>
<p>Dublin, considered the first neighborhood of Paterson, was built up around the mills near Great Falls. The area, which is responsible for the early growth of Paterson, has a rich history and has had a diverse and changing ethnic makeup. Originally settled by Irish immigrants, the neighborhood has seen waves of English, Italians and more recently Hispanic immigrants. The Dublin area today incorporates parts of Old Great Falls Historic District and the area on Market Street, which has a large Peruvian and Argentine population today.</p><br>
<h2>Wrigley Park</h2><br>
<p>Wrigley Park is the northern section of downtown, north of Broadway and to the east of the Passaic River. Wrigley Park is a predominantly African-American community and is mostly residential. The area is considered to be one of the more dangerous sections of Paterson along with areas of the Northside, although the crime rate has declined gradually in recent years.</p><br>
<h2>The Northside</h2><br>
<p>Northside is a mostly residential neighborhood on the north bank of the Passaic River. The neighborhood stretches back to Paterson&#39;s borders with Haledon and Prospect Park. The neighborhoods on this side of the river are up a steep hill that gives many of the houses and streets in the Northside great views of Manhattan.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Train service began with the Paterson and Hudson River Railroad in 1833. Erie Railroad ran service on its Newark Branch and Main Line. The Paterson rail station is located in Downtown. Paterson is served by New Jersey Transit on the Main Line and limited service on the Port Jervis Line.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Bus Terminal is the point of origin for numerous New Jersey Transit Bus Operations&#39; local and Manhattan-bound bus lines.</p><br>
<p>Interstate 80 passes south of Downtown. New Jersey Route 19, known as the Paterson Peripheral, connects Interstate 80 and the Garden State Parkway to Downtown where it becomes Ward Street.</p><br>
<p>Dodge City Public Library, located north of downtown at 1001 N 2nd Ave, Dodge City, Kansas, is the city&#39;s main library. A member of the Southwest Kansas Library System, it has a collection of approximately 123,000 volumes, and it circulates more than 189,000 items annually. It offers several services to the public, including public internet access, notary service, and programs for children and adults.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In January 1905, local women&#39;s clubs in Dodge City encouraged judge E.H. Madison to ask philanthropist Andrew Carnegie to fund a library building for the city. Carnegie responded with a grant of $7500; construction of a building at the downtown intersection of 2nd and Spruce began in 1906, and the library opened in February 1907. It remained in the Carnegie building until 1970, when it moved to 606 First Avenue due to size constraints of the original building. In 1979, the building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. In 1981, the Dodge City Arts Council obtained funds to preserve the original Carnegie building, operating it as the Carnegie Center for the Arts.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, construction began on a new, larger location for the library at 1001 N 2nd Avenue. The library moved to this location in 1981, and it remains in this location today. In 2019, the Kansas Heritage Center, a historical archive and research library, was moved from Dodge City USD 443 to the Dodge City Public Library.</p><br>
<h2>Other city libraries</h2><br>
<p>The other library in the city is the Dodge City Community College Library, which holds more than 30,000 volumes and serves as a federal depository library.</p><br>
<p>Eastside Park is a residential neighborhood in the Eastside of Paterson, New Jersey. The Eastside Park section of the city is generally defined as the area of the city bordered by Vreeland Avenue and East 33rd Street  to the west, 20th Avenue to the south, McLean Boulevard  to the east, and Martin Luther King, Jr. Way  to the north. The Eastside Park section is delineated from the Manor section of the city by Broadway, which becomes Route 4 before crossing the Passaic River into Elmwood Park  in Bergen County.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Once the home of the citys industrial and political leaders, the neighborhood experienced a significant downturn as industry fled Paterson. In recent years, people have begun moving back into the neighborhood and are restoring some of the areas historic houses. The jewel of the neighborhood remains Eastside Park and the mansions that surround it. In addition, this section of Paterson once had a large Jewish population, with the original sites of Barnert Temple and both situated in the section. The Eastside Park neighborhood now houses the Paterson campus of the, one of the largest Muslim communities in the United States, which serves a congregant base of over 25,000 people.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Eastside Park Historic District is a historic district situated across both the Eastside Park and Manor sections of the city. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 7, 2004, for its significance in architecture, landscape architecture and community planning. The district includes 790 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>Washington Square, also known as Washington Square Park, is a park in Chicago, Illinois. A registered historic landmark that is better known by its nickname Bughouse Square , it was the most celebrated open air free-speech center in the country as well as a popular Chicago tourist attraction. It is located across Walton Street from Newberry Library at 901 N. Clark Street in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is Chicago&#39;s oldest existing small park. It is one of four Chicago Park District parks named after persons surnamed Washington . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 20, 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origin</h3><br>
<p>On September 4, 1842, the city received a 3 acre parcel that was donated by the members of the American Land Company for use as a public park. The property had once been a cow path with a well for farmers to water their cattle.</p><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<p>The original purpose of the neighborhood park was as a place of assembly to discuss community issues.</p><br>
<p>Washington Square Park has been the geographic center of Chicago public speeches. By the 1890s the park acquired its Bughouse Square moniker. Soapbox orators waxed on topics ranging from gender relations to Communism.</p><br>
<h2>Washington Square Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Washington Square Historic District is a historic district in Chicago, Illinois that includes Washington Square Park, Chicago. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 21, 2003. The Washington Square District was declared a Chicago Landmark on May 16, 1990. The original 1990 Washington Square Park District Chicago Landmark designation included the park, Newberry Library, 60 West Walton Street and 915 to 929 North Dearborn Street. The first Chicago Landmark district extension on July 10, 2002 included 22-28 and 27-31 West Chestnut Street and 802-818, 827-867, 1012, 1023-1029, and 1150-1154 North Dearborn Street. The May 11, 2005 extension added the Isaac Maynard Row Houses located at 119-123 West Delaware Place. The National Register of Historic Places included Washington Square as well as North Dearborn Street from West Walton Street to West Chicago Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Every July, the Bughouse Square Committee continues to oversee the annual Bughouse Square Debates free speech gathering in conjunction with the Newberry Library&#39;s annual book sale. The debates are part of an annual festival to recreate the atmosphere of speeches and debates by soap box orators that once flourished in the park.</p><br>
<p>Although Alderman McCormicks fountain was removed in the 1970s, in the late 1990s, the park district, the city, and neighborhood organizations agreed on a restoration plan for Washington Square. Improvements include a reconstructed historic fountain, period lighting, fencing, and new plantings. In the west part of the park, there is a memorial tablet designating the park as "Chicagos Premier Free Speech Forum."</p><br>
<h2>Related sites</h2><br>
<p>Jack Jones&#39;s Dill Pickle Club, also known as the indoor Bughouse Square.</p><br>
<p>Washington Park forum, also known as the Bug Club.</p><br>
<p>The Harlan and Hollingsworth Office Building is a historic office building located in Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware. It was completed in 1912, and stands on the corner of West St. and the Wilmington Rail Viaduct. It is a three-story, detached, rectangular brick-faced building with two small rear wings in the Colonial Revival style. It features two large, decorated copper-faced bay windows projecting from each face of the right corner of the second story.</p><br>
<p>By 1910, existing office facilities at the Harlan Plant of Bethlehem Steel (formerly Harlan and Hollingsworth) had become inadequate, and work started on a new office building. It survived the closing of the Harlan Plant in 1944, and once housed laboratories for Gates Engineering Company. The building was purchased by 100 South West Street Associates in 1991 and restored.</p><br>
<p>It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Normal School for Colored Girls  was established in Washington, D.C. in 1851 as an institution of learning and training for young African-American women, especially to train teachers.</p><br>
<p>As Miner Normal School, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The school was founded by Myrtilla Miner in 1851, with the encouragement from Henry Ward Beecher and funding from a Quaker philanthropist after the school in Mississippi where she taught refused her permission to conduct classes for African-American girls. While inappropriate today, the use of the term "colored" was considered polite in 19th-century speech.</p><br>
<p>Although the school offered primary schooling and classes in domestic skills, its emphasis from the outset was on training teachers. Miner stressed hygiene and nature study in addition to rigorous academic training.</p><br>
<p>Within two months of opening, school enrollment grew from 6 to 40. Despite hostility from a portion of the community, the school prospered with the help of continued contributions from Quakers and a gift from Harriet Beecher Stowe (sister of Beecher) of $1,000 of the royalties she earned from Uncle Tom&#39;s Cabin.</p><br>
<p>As it grew, the school was forced to move three times in its first two years, but in 1854, it settled on a 3-acre (1.2-hectare) lot with a house and barn on the city&#39;s edge. Around this time, Emily Edmonson enrolled in the school. To help protect the school and those involved with it, the Edmonson family took up residence on the grounds, and both Emily Edmonson and Myrtilla Miner learned to shoot.</p><br>
<p>In 1856, the school came under the care of a board of trustees, among whom were Beecher and wealthy Quaker Johns Hopkins. By 1858, six former students were teaching in schools of their own. By that time, her failing health had lessened Miner&#39;s connection with the school, and from 1857 Emily Howland was in charge.</p><br>
<p>In 1860, the school had to be closed, and the next year, Myrtilla Miner went to California to regain her health. A carriage accident in 1864 ended that hope, and Miner died shortly after her return to Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, on March 3, 1863, the United States Senate granted the school a charter as the "Institution for the Education of Colored Youth" and named Henry Addison, John C. Underwood, George C. Abbott, William H. Channing, Nancy M. Johnson, and Myrtella Miner as directors.</p><br>
<p>From 1871 to 1876, the school was associated with Howard University. In 1879, as Miner Normal School it became part of the District of Columbia public school system.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1929 an act of the USA Congress accredited it as Miner Teachers College. Miner Teachers College and its predecessors were instrumental in the development of the black school system in the district between the 1890s and the 1950s and held a virtual monopoly on teaching jobs in black schools during that period. Many graduates found jobs in black school districts in other parts of the country, expanding the influence of the Miner school outside the district.</p><br>
<p>In 1955, the school merged with Wilson Teachers College to form the District of Columbia Teachers College. In 1976, after additional incorporations, the school was renamed University of the District of Columbia.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The current Colonial Revival—Georgian Revival style building, built in 1913, was designed by Leon E. Dessez and Snowden Ashford. The building is used for a broad range of community education programs, in addition to the teacher-training classes, which have been continuously offered there since it opened in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. In 2009, Howard University received an $800,000 grant from the National Park Services Historic Preservation Fund to replace the buildings roof and windows, as well as initiate a renovation on the building&#39;s auditorium. In 2023, Howard announced that the building will go under further renovation, with the plan to share the space between the Howard University School of Education and the Howard University Middle School of Mathematics and Science.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<h3>Students</h3><br>
<p>Aloncita Johnson Flood, New York City official</p><br>
<p>Louise Daniel Hutchinson historian, attended the school.</p><br>
<p>Ruby Hurley graduate, NAACP leader</p><br>
<p>Dolores Kendrick, former Poet Laureate of the District of Columbia</p><br>
<p>Alma Thomas, artist</p><br>
<p>Carrie H. Thomas, physician, educator, and Woman&#39;s Relief Corps member</p><br>
<p>West A. Hamilton, military officer and D.C. school board member</p><br>
<h3>Faculty and staff</h3><br>
<p>Martha B. Briggs, principal, 1879-1883</p><br>
<p>Marguerite Williams, American geologist</p><br>
<p>Otelia Cromwell, scholar</p><br>
<p>Hilda Rue Wilkinson Brown, teacher and alumni</p><br>
<p>The Hearthstone Historic House Museum is a historic home in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States that has been converted into a museum. On September 30, 1882, it became the first residence in the US powered by a centrally located hydroelectric station using the Edison system. At that time, the house was the residence of Henry James Rogers, a paper company executive and entrepreneur. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 1974. The house was previously known as the Henry J. Rogers House.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The house is located at 625 W. Prospect Avenue in Appleton, Wisconsin, at the intersection of Prospect Avenue and Memorial Drive (Hwy 47). It is situated on a bluff above the Fox River.</p><br>
<h2>House ownership</h2><br>
<h3>Rogers</h3><br>
<p>Henry James Rogers built the house as a showplace for his wife, Cremora. The house was designed by Wisconsin architect William Waters, who was also the architect for the Grand Opera House and Public Library in Oshkosh and numerous businesses and residences in the area. It was first lit with hydroelectricity on September 30, 1882. The Appleton Crescent, the local newspaper, proclaimed that the electricity in the home "Was bright as day." The Rogers family lived in the house until 1893, when they moved to Chicago.</p><br>
<h3>Later owners and tenants</h3><br>
<p>Various tenants occupied the house, until A. W. Priest bought it in 1900. Priest died in 1930, and because his estate was unable to sell the house, it was rented and turned into a restaurant called Hearthstone Tea Room by John Carter Badenoch in 1931. Frank Harriman rented the restaurant from 1933 to 1938, when the restaurant closed. The house was sold to Frederick H. Hoffman in 1940.</p><br>
<p>The Mares family owned the home from the 1960s to 1986. The house was then purchased by the Friends of Hearthstone Inc. in 1986, opening as a museum in 1988. Friends of Hearthstone continues to run the museum.</p><br>
<h2>Electric source</h2><br>
<p>Henry James Rogers, original owner of the house, was the manager of the Appleton Pulp and Paper Mill. The house&#39;s source of electricity was the Appleton Edison Light Company, the first commercial electric plant in America, which was put into operation two weeks after a much larger steam central power station in New York City, known as the Pearl Street Station. The house and two paper mills were powered by a dynamo located inside one of the mills. Distribution wires were bare copper, with light amounts of cotton used to insulate it. Wires were fastened to the walls with wood cleats. Tape was wound around wires where they passed through partitions. Fuse blocks were made of wood, as were the sockets and switch handles. Examples of this equipment still operate in the home.</p><br>
<p>There were no voltage regulators, so operators regulated the voltage with their eyes. Lights went bright and dim, depending on power usage at the mills. Several weeks after the power station was built, service for customers was moved to a separate wheel in a lean-to shed attached to the mill so the electricity would not be affected by the mill&#39;s operation. Storms and fallen branches frequently caused short circuits. The power plant was shut down until the problem was discovered and corrected. Residential service was from dusk to dawn.</p><br>
<p>Rogers wrote the Western Edison Light Company on November 11, 1882, and said: "Gentlemen, I have used 50 lamps in my residence and have used them about 60 days. I am pleased with them beyond expression and do not see how they can be improved upon. No heat no smoke no vitiated air and the light steady and pleasant in every way and more economical than gas and quite as reliable."</p><br>
<p>The electric lamps were described by the two local newspapers:</p><br>
<p>The electric lamp consists of a pear-shaped glass, exhausted of air, into which is sealed a filament of carbonized bamboo, slightly thicker than horse hair. This filament, becoming incandescent by the passage of the current of electricity through it, emits a beautiful soft white light, absolutely steady and constant and equaling in intensity, or exceeding if desired, the illuminating power of a gas jet of the best quality. --The Appleton Post October 5, 1882</p><br>
<p>These bulbs are connected with the wire and the current may be turned on and off as readily as a gas burner. Each lamp will burn 600 hours, and can be renewed easily, but at some considerable expense, of course. The price for the same amount of light as that of gas will be substantially the same. The electric light may entirely supersede the use of gas as an illuminator in our city, but that remains to be seen hereafter. --Appleton Crescent October 7, 1882</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The house is open for tours and there is a Christmas holiday display from November through January.</p><br>
<p>The house still uses its original Thomas Edison light fixtures and period electroliers. The house features the "Hydro Adventure Center", a hands-on operating model of the earliest central hydroelectric station.</p><br>
<p>The house contains nine fireplaces, some surrounded by imported Minton tiles, intricate interior handcarved woodwork carved from woods native to Wisconsin, period furnishings, secret passages, and stained glass windows.</p><br>
<p>The Catlow Theater is a historic single-screen movie theater located in downtown Barrington, Illinois, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wright Catlow was a businessman in Barrington whose father had commissioned The Auditorium in 1914, a gathering place for dances and community meetings. Seeking to follow his father&#39;s legacy and build a community building, Catlow commissioned the theater in May 1927.</p><br>
<p>Betts & Holcomb served as the architects and the interiors were designed by Prairie School sculptor and designer Alfonso Iannelli. The theater was primarily designed in the Tudor Revival style ornamented to portray a medieval English hall. In large part due to Iannellis involvement, the Catlow is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Iannellis Catlow design includes the stenciling on the Catlow&#39;s ceiling, walls and beams along with the sculpted gargoyle-like heads that border each ceiling truss and the "Fountain Idyll" sculpture in the inner lobby. Other highlights include three coat-of-arms wall murals, iron wall sconces, the detailed woodwork on both of the organ lofts and the original hand painted stage curtain.</p><br>
<p>Catlow&#39;s brother Chester played the theater organ. The theater originally showed silent films and featured vaudeville performances on Sundays. These performances attracted talent such as Gene Autry and Sally Rand. In 1934, the theater began to show only movies. Catlow sold the theater to film booker Ed Skehan in 1964. On August 21, 1989, the theater was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Catlow Theater was purchased by long-time Barrington residents Brian and Julianne Long in the fall of 2023. The newly-formed Catlow1927 Foundation is dedicated to restoring the theater in time for the upcoming 100-year anniversary in 2027.</p><br>
<p>Redcliffe Plantation State Historic Site is a state park in South Carolina, United States. Redcliffe Plantation, also known as Redcliffe, completed in 1859, is a Greek Revival plantation house located on the site that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The house was designed by the baron Louis Berckmans and was built in 1857. It was built for James Henry Hammond and was home to three generations of his descendants. His great-grandson John Shaw Billings, editor of Time, Life, and Fortune magazines, donated the estate and collections to the people of South Carolina in 1973. The same year it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Saint Paul Public Library is a library system serving the residents of Saint Paul, Minnesota, in the United States. The library system includes a Central Library, twelve branch locations, and a bookmobile. It is a member of the Metropolitan Library Service Agency, a consortium of eight Twin Cities library systems.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>The Saint Paul Public Library system traces its beginnings to 1856 when the newly formed YMCA opened a reading room. The following year, both the Saint Paul Library Association and the Mercantile Library Association also were organized. These early efforts all merged in 1863 into the Saint Paul Library Association.</p><br>
<p>In 1879, under the leadership of Alexander Ramsey, the Library Association proposed that the City accept responsibility for their collections and establish it as a free public library. Finally, on September 7, 1882, the city council approved an appropriation of $5,000 to establish the Saint Paul Public Library. By this date, the collection had grown to include 8,051 books.</p><br>
<p>In the following years, the library grew rapidly. As early as 1890, there were calls for the construction of a new building. Instead, in 1900, the library moved to the old Market Hall, located on Seventh Street. Many civic leaders continued to push for the construction of a new building, but the library remained in the Market Hall until a fire in 1915 destroyed the entire building, including the library and most of its collection of 158,000 books. At the time of the fire, construction of the new Central Library was already underway.</p><br>
<p>Planning for the new Central Library had occurred well before the 1915 fire. Under the leadership of Mayor Lawler in 1909, serious work began on building a new Library. A site was chosen on Rice Park, and in 1910, the library board began discussing how to raise the $500,000 it was estimated the new building would cost.</p><br>
<p>By 1912, railroad baron James J. Hill had offered to contribute $700,000 specifically for the construction and endowment of a reference library attached to the public library. Almost simultaneously, $100,000 toward the project was raised through a subscription campaign, $30,000 was received through a bequest from Greenleaf Clark, and the state legislature authorized the sale of $600,000 in bonds for the construction of the new facility. By the fall of 1912, the library board had hired Charles Soule, a Boston library consultant, to assist in planning the new facility. Ground was broken for Central Library in 1914. Ultimately, the entire building, including the Hill Reference Library, was erected at a cost of approximately $1.5 million.</p><br>
<h2>Expansion</h2><br>
<p>The Central Library opened in 1917. In that same year, three Carnegie library branches opened – Arlington Hills Library, Riverview Branch Library, and Saint Anthony Park. All four buildings are still in operation as libraries. The Central Library has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1975.</p><br>
<p>The library started an extension division in the 1920s provided books for various public schools in Ramsey County outside of Saint Paul. This division became the Ramsey County Library in 1951.</p><br>
<p>Expansion of the Saint Paul Public Library continued in 1930, when the Hamline and Merriam Park libraries opened. Both branches were made possible by a bequest from the estate of Henry Hale. In the 1970s the Carnegie library began to sink so In 1993, after the demolition of the old building, a new 14,500 square foot Merriam Park library opened in the same location at a cost of $2.7 million.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, the Friends of the Saint Paul Public Library was formed to encourage and stimulate use and support of the library.</p><br>
<p>The 1950s saw three more branches open: Rice Street in 1952, Highland Park in 1954, and Hayden Heights in 1955. The Highland Park library was remodeled and enlarged in 1975, then closed again for six months in 1995 for further expansion and conjunction to the Hillcrest Recreation Center. Groundbreaking for a new Hayden Heights library commenced on August 23, 1977 across the street from the original location. The new building opened in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Centre Theater on University Avenue was remodeled and opened as the Lexington branch in 1967 the old theater building served the library from 1967 to 2006 In 1970, the Sun Ray library opened.</p><br>
<p>The 21st century saw further changes to the library system. The Central Library closed in October 2000 to undergo a $16 million renovation project and re-opened on October 5, 2002. In 2004, the Dayton&#39;s Bluff branch opened in the new Library and Learning Center of Metropolitan State University. Replacing the Lexington branch, the Rondo Community Outreach Library opened in 2006 in a mixed-use facility including 98 housing units. Groundbreaking on a combined library and recreation center in the Payne-Phalen neighborhood took place on July 26, 2012. The new facility replaced the Arlington Hills Library and was dubbed the Arlington Hills Community Center, which opened on May 22, 2014. The Sun Ray and Highland Park locations closed on December 2, 2013, for extensive renovations, and reopened in fall of 2014. The Central Library was renamed "George Latimer Central Library" in honor of the former mayor of Saint Paul on June 10, 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Racial Equity Initiative</h2><br>
<p>In 2014, the library launched the Saint Paul Public Library Racial Equity Initiative in conjunction with the Saint Paul Racial Equity Initiative. The initiative entailed a number of changes in policy, which affected its workforce and services in relation to people of color.Urban Libraries Council. (n.d.). Saint Paul Public Library Racial Equity Initiative</p><br>
<p>St. Paul Public Library, MN. Retrieved from The library was recognized as a 2016 innovator by the Urban Libraries Council and was presented with the council&#39;s Equity Award in October 2016. The library also launched a "Resources on Race" libguide.</p><br>
<p>The library has commissioned and published children&#39;s books in Karen, Amharic, and Oromo because of the lack of these resources in the USA and the need within the city. The City of Saint Paul has the largest and fastest-growing population of Karen people in the USA</p><br>
<p>In 2019, the library eliminated fines for overdue items. This change was an outgrowth of the library&#39;s racial equity work; parts of the city where there were more people living in poverty and more people of color had higher percentages of cardholders with accounts blocked from nonpayment of fines.</p><br>
<h2>Services and programs</h2><br>
<p>Read Brave Saint Paul is a reading program that uses books to ignite conversation about tough topics such as homelessness. Read Brave highlights YA novels that address difficult topics and is open to all ages.</p><br>
<h2>Directors</h2><br>
<p>Kit Hadley 2009–2015</p><br>
<p>Jane Eastwood 2015–2017</p><br>
<p>Catherine Penkert 2018–2022</p><br>
<p>Maureen Hartman 2023-</p><br>
<p>The Crenshaw House  is an historic former residence and alleged haunted house located in Equality Township, Gallatin County, Illinois. The house was constructed in the 1830s. It was the main residence of John Crenshaw, his wife, and their five children.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the National Park Service named the mansion as a "station" on the Reverse Underground Railroad to acknowledge Crenshaw&#39;s practice of kidnapping free blacks in Illinois and selling them in the Slave States.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Landowner and illegal slave trader John Hart Crenshaw leased the state-owned salt works located at the Illinois Salines, two saline springs along the Saline River near Equality that were important sources of salt since prehistory. In 1838, Crenshaw and his brother Abraham used this wealth to build the mansion on Hickory Hill, a few miles from the salt works near the town of Junction.</p><br>
<h2>Abraham Lincoln&#39;s visit</h2><br>
<p>In September 1840, Abraham Lincoln, a state representative, was in Gallatin County for over a week attending debates in Shawneetown and Equality. The Crenshaws hosted a ball in honor of the debates. The ball was held on the second floor. The second floor of the house was designed to be easily converted into a ballroom because the hall and two of the rooms were made from moveable partitions particularly for such events.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Lincoln along with other male guests spent the night in the Southeast bedroom of the Crenshaw House. The furniture in the room consisted of one bed and two chairs. Mr. Lincoln either slept on the bed, which was shorter than he was, or he could have spread out over the two chairs, or possibly slept on the floor.</p><br>
<p>In 1850, Crenshaw and his family moved to the nearby town of Equality, and hired a German family to live in the house and operate the farm. Crenshaw sold the house in 1864. Crenshaw died in 1871 and was buried in the Hickory Hill Cemetery. By 1913, the house was owned by the Sisk family.</p><br>
<h2>Kidnapping and the Reverse Underground Railroad</h2><br>
<p>The Crenshaw House was a "station" on the Reverse Underground Railroad that transported escaped slaves and kidnapped free blacks back to servitude in slave states. The homes third floor attic contains 12 rooms long believed to be where Crenshaw operated a secret slave jail for kidnapped free black and captured runaway slaves. A grand jury indicted Crenshaw for kidnapping, once in the mid-1820s (the outcome unknown) and again in 1842 when a trial jury acquitted him. The cases victims, Maria Adams and her seven or eight children, ended up as slaves in Texas. In 1828, Crenshaw took Frank Granger and 15 others downriver to Tipton Co., Tennessee, and sold them as slaves. Crenshaw also kidnapped Lucinda and her children in 1828. She ended up in Barren Co., Kentucky. Contemporary letters identifying Crenshaws role back both cases. Crenshaw also kidnapped Peter White and three others in the 1840s. They were sold into slavery in Arkansas, but later rescued. Stories of strange noises upstairs coming from victims, date to 1851. Despite accounts that the rooms were slave quarters, Crenshaw family stories indicate a distinction between the plantations household servants and field hands, and the victims of Crenshaw&#39;s criminal activities.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the National Park Service named the Crenshaw Mansion, referred to as "The Old Slave House", as part of the Underground Railroad National Network to Freedom program to acknowledge its importance in the reverse underground railroad and the role John Crenshaw played in condemning free blacks to slavery.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1913, the house was purchased by the Sisk family, who began charging for public tours offering "a thrilling experience".</p><br>
<p>In 1996 George Sisk, Jr. retired and closed the museum. In December 2000 the Sisk family sold the house to the state of Illinois. The state paid $500,000 for the house and 10 acres. It is currently closed to the public as the state determines its ultimate fate. Re-opening the house to the public would require renovations, repairs, a new road and parking lot, and a separate structure with a bathroom, all estimated to cost at least $7 million.</p><br>
<p>Salineriverilscenic.jpgThe Saline River of southeastern Illinois where John Crenshaw at the Illinois Salines leased out Kentucky slaves who boiled down salt brine water from the river into usable salt for sale.</p><br>
<p>Kidnapping a free black to be sold into slavery, 1834 woodcut.jpgKidnapping a free black from a free state to be sold into American slavery, 1834 in which Crenshaw was an active participant.</p><br>
<p>Broadway is a major thoroughfare in the downtown area in Nashville, Tennessee. It includes Lower Broadway, a tourist and entertainment district renowned for honky tonks and live country music. The Broadway Historic District or Honky Tonk Highway was listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Davidson County, Tennessee  on July 18, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The street is also home to retail shops, restaurants, dessert spots, tourist attractions, and a few hotels.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally named Broad Street, the eastern end of Broadway ended at the shipping docks on the Cumberland River. It was one of the first roads to run east–west in Nashville, and the first public high school in the city was built on the road in 1875. It eventually became a commercial center lined with hardware stores, feed stores, and various other businesses and had a section known as "Auto Row" at the beginning of the 20th century due to large numbers of car dealers and tire and auto shops. A new post office – now the Frist Art Museum – was built next to Union Station on Broadway by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) during the Great Depression.</p><br>
<p>Jimmie Rodgers started performing in bars along Broadway near the river in the 1930s. His success eventually attracted other performers, and a thriving music scene developed on Lower Broadway – the section of Broadway that runs from 1st Avenue to 5th Avenue. The popularity of Broadway declined for a time after the Grand Ole Opry left Ryman Auditorium in 1974, but the area came back to life when the Opry moved some shows back to the Ryman in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Today, the historical buildings are home to retail shops and restaurants in addition to honky tonks. The official Nashville Convention & Visitors Corporation page defines a honky tonk as "an establishment that contains at least one rockin stage, cold beverages, and a party that lasts all day, every day." Live music plays in most bars and restaurants along Lower Broadway from as early as 10 a.m. to 3 a.m. or even later each day, which is how the street came to be known as "Honky Tonk Highway". The venues dont have cover charges, and established music artists sometimes make appearances to perform with the up-and-comers. Many famous stars have gotten their starts in these venues, including Dierks Bentley, Gretchen Wilson, Willie Nelson, Johnny Cash, Blake Shelton, and Kris Kristofferson.</p><br>
<p>Broadway divides downtown Nashville into North of Broadway and South of Broadway (SoBro).</p><br>
<h3>Landmarks</h3><br>
<p>The entire Lower Broad district (2nd Avenue and 5th Avenue) was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Additionally, several locations farther down Broadway are registered historical landmarks.</p><br>
<p>Union Station Hotel: Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969, Union Station started out as a train station in the 19th century. The lobby contains stained glass that is more than 100 years old and 65-foot vaulted ceilings. Along with late Victorian Romanesque Revival architecture, the hotels Art Deco interior is decorated with original art that honors the citys music history.</p><br>
<p>Frist Art Museum: In addition to hosting national and international shows, the Frist displays the works of local and regional artists. Located in a Grecian Moderne-style marble building that previously housed a historic USA post office, the museum was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Hume-Fogg High School: The two towers of this historical building feature Norman-Gothic style architecture. The overall look resembles a medieval European castle, making the four-story building a common spot for photos. The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Federal Office Building (Customs House): Designed by William Potter in a Gothic Revival architectural style, this building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church Cathedral: With Gothic architecture designed by Francis Hatch Kimball, this church became an official historical landmark in 1978. It is still in use as a place of worship.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The street starts at the convergence of 1st Avenue North and 1st Avenue South near the Cumberland River and runs southwest all the way to the campus of Vanderbilt University, where it takes a sharp southward turn and merges with 21st Avenue South.</p><br>
<p>It is bisected by the following streets/intersections:</p><br>
<p>1st Avenue North/South</p><br>
<p>2nd Avenue North/South</p><br>
<p>3rd Avenue North/South</p><br>
<p>4th Avenue North/South</p><br>
<p>Rep. John Lewis Way North/South</p><br>
<p>7th Avenue North/South</p><br>
<p>Rosa L. Parks Boulevard/8th Avenue South</p><br>
<p>11th Avenue North/South</p><br>
<p>12th Avenue North/South</p><br>
<p>George L. Davis Boulevard/13th Avenue South</p><br>
<p>14th Avenue North/South</p><br>
<p>16th Avenue North/South</p><br>
<p>17th Avenue South</p><br>
<p>19th Avenue South</p><br>
<p>Lyle Avenue</p><br>
<p>Concurrent Interstates 40 and 65 run beneath Broadway between 13th and 14th Avenues and are accessible via adjacent ramps on George L. Davis Boulevard and 14th Avenue South. Broadway is accessible from the interstates at Exit 209A (I-40 W/I-65 N) and 209B (I-40 E/I-65 S).</p><br>
<p>From 1st Avenue to 16th Avenue, Broadway serves as the "dividing line" between the north and south designations of the avenues. From 1st Avenue to 13th Avenue, Broadway serves as USA Route 70. From 8th Avenue to its merger with 21st Avenue South, Broadway serves as USA Route 431.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Broadway functions as a traditional street with both vehicle and bicycle traffic. Various shuttles, buses, and taxis operate in the area. The WeGo Star commuter train also stops at Riverfront station near the end of Broadway by the river.</p><br>
<h2>Entertainment and restaurants</h2><br>
<p>Hard Rock Café: Positioned at the edge of Riverfront Park, the Nashville Hard Rock has live bands playing in the Reverb Room. The area known as the Ledge provides a view of the Cumberland River and downtown.</p><br>
<p>Acme Feed & Seed: Located in a 100-year-old building that formerly sold grain, this venue is now a very large (22,000 square feet), multi-level restaurant and live music spot. The rooftop bar has a view of the Cumberland River, Nissan Stadium, and the Broadway strip. Dining options include a sushi bar on the second floor and street-style local classics in the main dining area.</p><br>
<p>Nashville Underground: This 40,000-square-foot honky tonk located near the end of Broadway close to the Cumberland River has four floors with bars, food, live music, and a mechanical bull The full menu includes southern dishes, bar foods, and specialty items.</p><br>
<p>Rock Bottom Restaurant and Brewery: This venue focuses on craft brews in addition to live music, which plays nightly on the rooftop bar.</p><br>
<p>Bootleggers Inn: This Nashville moonshine bar serves drinks with southern-inspired moonshine flavors like peach and apple pie. Live bands play on two floors.</p><br>
<p>Ole Red: Owned by Blake Shelton as part of a collaboration with the Grand Ole Opry, this honky tonk has a rooftop with a view of Broadway to go with multiple floors of entertainment and a full menu.</p><br>
<p>Jason Aldean&#39;s Kitchen + Rooftop Bar: Country star Jason Aldean created the menu of southern-style dishes himself for his honky tonk. The rooftop bar is the largest on Broadway, and a gift shop sells themed memorabilia.</p><br>
<p>Tequila Cowboy: This large complex includes five different types of venues in one. The Rock Bar has live bands every night, and WannaB&#39;s hosts karaoke. Karma Lounge has a dance floor and plays top 40s music. The second floor has a mechanical bull, and the game room has pool tables and TVs tuned in to games.</p><br>
<p>Crazy Town: Open since 2016, this bar has two floors and a rooftop bar with a DJ playing a mix of Top 40 and throwback music. Live bands play on the first and second floors, and the décor includes reclaimed barn walls, hanging guitars, and a barber&#39;s chair for taking photos. The "Crazy Town Burger" is a top menu choice.</p><br>
<p>Whiskey Bent Saloon: This saloon hosts live country music on the main floor with multiple bars and a VIP loft. Private event space is available upstairs.</p><br>
<p>The Valentine: This honky tonk has a 1920s/1930&#39;s Prohibition-era vibe spread across four floors, including a rooftop bar and private event spaces. Live bands play on the first two floors, and a DJ entertains dancers on the third floor. The full-service restaurant serves local dishes and bar classics.</p><br>
<p>Tin Roof: Located in the former Hatch Show Print building, this red-white-and-blue-themed honky tonk describes its menu as "Better Than Bar Food".</p><br>
<p>Broadway Brewhouse and Mojo Grill: This restaurant located in the former Harley-Holt Furniture Co. building has a robust beer selection and a menu filled with Cajun and southwestern-style dishes in addition to bar favorites.</p><br>
<p>Honky Tonk Central: This three-story venue has live country music seven days a week, and the site hosts special events and parties. The menu includes bar favorites.</p><br>
<p>Jimmy Buffett&#39;s Margaritaville: The live music at Margaritaville ranges from country classics to Jimmy Buffett-style tunes and interactive shows that get the crowd in on the act. The menu has American classics along with island-inspired dishes.</p><br>
<p>Dierks Bentley&#39;s Whiskey Row: Owned by Dierks Bentley, this branch of Whiskey Row is the first one outside of his home state of Arizona. The gastropub has a brunch menu in addition to lunch and dinner options.</p><br>
<p>Merchants Restaurant: This restaurant has a more sophisticated atmosphere than most establishments on Broadway. Management classifies the menu as New American and New Southern dishes.</p><br>
<p>Nudie&#39;s Honky Tonk: Named for Nudie Cohn – the former tailor known for making rhinestone-studded "Nudie suits" for stars like Elvis Presley, Hank Williams, and Elton John – this bar spreads across three floors in a historic 100-year-old building. The interior includes two stages, multiple bars, and rare memorabilia, such as sparkling costumes and a customized "Nudie mobile". The menu is made up of southern favorites.</p><br>
<p>Bailey&#39;s Sports Grille: This sports bar is more about watching games and shooting pool than live music, but it still has a small stage in the corner for live bands. The menu includes typical bar and grill fare.</p><br>
<p>The Stage on Broadway: With a long history as a spot for celebrity performances and sightings, this honky tonk focuses primarily on country music with some occasional rock &#39;n roll. Three bands play on two floors and on the rooftop patio, and an original oil painting of The Highwaymen greets guests from its position over the front door.</p><br>
<p>Paradise Park Trailer Resort: Despite its name, the "P-Park" is actually a greasy spoon-bar combo and not a resort. With a "trailer" theme that includes tire chandeliers, lawn furniture, and a Mullet Wall of Fame, this bar is a casual spot for songwriters and musicians to play.</p><br>
<p>Jacks Bar-B-Que: Jacks is distinctive for the flying pigs on its neon sign as well as its Texas-style barbecue and variety of sauce options.</p><br>
<p>Roberts Western World: Located in a historic building used for various purposes over the years, this honky tonk started out as a western clothing and boot store in the early 1990s before eventually evolving into a live music venue with a bar and grill. Roberts still has boots and apparel for sale alongside bar-style menu items. The bar is known for their preservation of traditional country music, and is known for acts such as BR549 and Brazilbilly.</p><br>
<p>Layla&#39;s Bluegrass Inn: This bar offers bluegrass, rockabilly, Americana, and numerous other types of music in addition to country. Past performers include Hank Williams III, Chris Scruggs, and Ralph Stanley. The simple menu consists of snack foods.</p><br>
<p>The Second Fiddle: This honky tonk focuses on traditional country music seven days a week in a setting filled with photo-lined walls and music memorabilia like antique radios and vintage instruments.</p><br>
<p>AJs Good Time Bar: Owned by Alan Jackson, this honky tonk has three floors featuring Alan Jackson memorabilia and country music. Located in the oldest building on Broadway, the bar is the former home of various businesses, including Bullet Records – a label started in 1946 to record Grand Ole Opry members. Billboard Magazine voted AJs best honky tonk in Nashville. An additional bar on the roof offers views of the city.</p><br>
<p>Nashville Crossroads: Open since 2004, this honky tonk hosts southern rock bands as well as classic country artists.</p><br>
<p>Tootsies Orchid Lounge: With four stages and three bars spread across three floors, this orchid-colored honky tonk – a paint job mess up is how the bar got its name – is possibly the most well known on Broadway. The bar has been the subject of various articles, TV programs, and even songs over the years. Past performers include Patsy Cline, Willie Nelson, Johnny Cash, Tom T. Hall, Kris Kristofferson, and many others. Tootsies "Wall of Fame" includes hundreds of photos and other memorabilia.</p><br>
<p>Mellow Mushroom: This pizzeria pays tribute to Nashville&#39;s music history with themed art created by local and regional artists displayed on five different floors.</p><br>
<p>Legends Corner: With walls covered with album covers, this bar has a nostalgic atmosphere to go with the live country music.</p><br>
<p>Rippys Smokin Bar and Grill: With the largest of three stages on the roof, Rippy&#39;s offers a view of Lower Broadway. The interior includes a main dining area and an area with sports games on big screen TVs. The menu mainly focuses on barbecue-related items.</p><br>
<p>Lukes 32 Bridge: Owned by Luke Bryan, Lukes 32 Bridge invites guests inside a 30,000 sq ft multi-level entertainment facility, featuring 6 levels, 8 bars, 4 stages with the best live music and two restaurants. On top of all this, Luke Bryans Crash My Party Rooftop Patio is one of downtowns largest rooftop bars.</p><br>
<p>Casa Rosa: Owned by Miranda Lambert, Casa Rosa is a four-floor restaurant and venue that features three floors of live entertainment and a rooftop bar. Casa Rosa is decked out with memorabilia from Miranda&#39;s illustrious career, including costumes from her videos and the birdcage featured in the video for "Bluebird." It opened in May 2021 and is the first establishment in the district owned by a female artist.</p><br>
<p>Friends in Low Places Bar and Honky-Tonk: Owned by Garth Brooks, the Friends in Low Places Bar and Honky-Tonk is a three-level honky tonk with 40,000 square feet of space. The honky-tonk is names after Brooks&#39; 1990 hit single, "Friends in Low Places".</p><br>
<h2>Hotels</h2><br>
<p>Construction is set to be completed on the new Marriott Moxy Hotel on the second block of Lower Broadway by the end of 2018. Currently, the hotel options on Broadway are located farther down the street, away from the Lower Broadway area.</p><br>
<p>Holiday Inn Express – Downtown</p><br>
<p>Union Station Hotel</p><br>
<p>Hilton Garden Inn – Vanderbilt</p><br>
<p>Embassy Suites – Vanderbilt</p><br>
<p>Kimpton Aertson Hotel</p><br>
<h2>Shopping</h2><br>
<p>The Lower Broadway area has various souvenir and specialty – many western-themed – shops along both sides of the road. Additionally, some of the bars and attractions have their own gift shops, such as Legends Gift Shop inside Legends Corner.</p><br>
<p>Ernest Tubb Record Shop: Founded in 1947 by Ernest Tubb, the "Texas Troubadour", this historic shop is the broadcast site of the Midnight Jamboree on WSM 650 AM. Autographed photos line the walls, and records, sheet music, and memorabilia line the shelves.</p><br>
<p>Savannah&#39;s Candy Kitchen of Nashville: This sweet shop makes and serves everything from chocolate candies to homemade ice cream and candy apples.</p><br>
<p>Cotton Eye Joe&#39;s Gift Shop: This shop sells typical souvenirs like T-shirts as well as western-themed items.</p><br>
<p>Lower Broadway has several boot stores within a few blocks, including:</p><br>
<p>Boot Barn</p><br>
<p>Boot Country</p><br>
<p>Betty Boots</p><br>
<p>Big Time Boots</p><br>
<p>Broadway Boot Company</p><br>
<p>Dixieland Delights: This souvenir shop has themed T-shirts, hats, music memorabilia, and various other types of keepsakes. The name of the shop is derived from the popular country song "Dixieland Delight".</p><br>
<p>Music City Shop at the Visitor Center: Located inside the Nashville Visitor Center (inside the glass tower at Bridgestone Arena), this gift shop sells a lot of music-themed items, such as clothing and memorabilia.</p><br>
<p>Music City Showcase: This shop has music memorabilia, T-shirts, hats, novelty items, and various other types of tourist souvenirs.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist attractions</h2><br>
<p>In addition to locations for listening to live music and dining, Broadway has other sites that attract both locals and tourists.</p><br>
<p>Bridgestone Arena: This arena seats almost 20,000 people and is home to the Nashville Predators, the Nashville Visitors Center, and the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame. It hosts everything from concerts and the CMA Awards to sports events, like those of the Nashville Predators.</p><br>
<p>Riverfront Station and Riverfront Park: The site of big celebrations like fireworks for Independence Day, this park on the bank of the Cumberland River has trails, a dog park, and an amphitheater for live music performances. The adjoining train station is the western endpoint of the WeGo Star rail system for commuters.</p><br>
<h3>Nearby attractions</h3><br>
<p>Some of the city&#39;s most popular attractions are located very near Lower Broadway on some of the cross streets:</p><br>
<p>1st Avenue: Fort Nashborough, Ascend Amphitheater</p><br>
<p>2nd Avenue: George Jones Museum</p><br>
<p>3rd Avenue: Johnny Cash Museum, Patsy Cline Museum</p><br>
<p>4th Avenue: Nashville Symphony, Music City of Walk of Fame Park, Nashville Music Garden</p><br>
<p>5th Avenue: Country Music Hall of Fame, Hatch Show Print, Ryman Auditorium, Music City Center</p><br>
<p>6th Avenue: The Hermitage Hotel, Tennessee Performing Arts Center, War Memorial Auditorium & Military Branch Museum</p><br>
<p>Charlotte Avenue: Tennessee State Capitol (between 6th and 7th Avenues)</p><br>
<p>Polyclinic Medical Center, also known as Polyclinic Hospital, is a polyclinic in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and part of UPMC Pinnacle, a regional system of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center  that serves South Central Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The medical center opened in 1909. Most of the building is occupied by Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute. On other floors are other programs, including two addiction clinics, physical and occupational therapy, audiology and hearing center, HIV clinic, outpatient laboratory, primary care office, and surgery optimization.</p><br>
<p>The original building housing the first hospital at this location, dates to 1925–1926, with expansions in 1949–1952, 1955, 1959, and 1960. Its architecture is that of the Colonial Revival period. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Phelps County Jail is a historic jail located on Park Street between Second and Third Streets, Rolla, Missouri, was built in 1860 for $3,000. The jail was operated by Phelps County from 1860 to 1912. Union forces, which took over the town in 1861, used the jail for both military and civilian prisoners during the American Civil War. The building&#39;s contractor, John A. Schnable, built the structure from solid dolomite blocks, measuring 22 x, which were quarried nearby. The lower floor contains two windowless 6 x stone cells for solitary confinement. The upper floor contains a single room with cages made from iron bars to hold multiple prisoners. The upper floor also includes a wood-burning stove used for heating. Dr. E.A. Stricker presented the jail to the Phelps County Historical Society in 1943.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Mother of God Parish  is a parish church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Covington, Kentucky, United States, located at 119 West 6th Street in Covington. The official title of the parish is The Assumption of Mary, Mother of God, Parish. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It was also included in the Mutter Gottes Historic District which was listed on the National Register in 1980.</p><br>
<p>This historic church features twin renaissance towers and murals by famous Vatican artist Johann Schmitt, an early teacher of Frank Duveneck, who was baptised in the parish in 1848. In the spring of 1842, the German congregation purchased a lot at the southwest corner of 6th and Washington streets. On this lot, a new church was constructed. Bishop Flaget of the Diocese of Louisville laid the cornerstone on April 14, 1842. The church was dedicated by the same bishop on October 10, 1842. The new church was brick and measured 100 x 50 feet. Transepts were added to the structure in 1851.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1860s the church building, not yet 30 years old, was already overcrowded. Planning therefore began for the construction of a new Mother of God Church. The old church building was demolished and ground was broken for the new Italian Renaissance Revival structure, according to the plans, which were drawn by Walter & Stewart, of Cincinnati, the new edifice was said to be the largest and finest in Covington at that time. Cincinnati Enquirer - 26 Oct 1869, Tue., p.7 The cornerstone of the new church was set in place on July 3, 1870, and the building was dedicated on September 10, 1871. The new Mother of God Church sported a large portico supported by four Corinthian columns, two large towers and a central dome topped with a lantern and cupola. In 1875 a magnificent Koehnken Organ was installed in the church balcony.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, the congregation celebrated the Silver Jubilee of the establishment of the parish. In preparation for this event, the interior of the church was completely remodeled. Additions included five large murals by Johann Schmitt, new hand-carved wood altars by the Schroder Brothers of Cincinnati and two imported stained glass windows from Mayer & Company of Munich.</p><br>
<p>On March 10, 1986, a tornado swept through Covington damaging the cupola of Mother of God Church. The congregation quickly rallied to rebuild the structure. However, while the structure was being repaired, welders accidentally set the dome on fire. Ultimately, the building was restored to its 1890 appearance at a cost of over a million dollars. The parish school merged with St John School, St Ann School, and Sts Boniface And James School in 1984 to form Prince Of Peace Academy housed at St John.</p><br>
<p>Shiloh Baptist Church  is a historic former school building and former African American Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>School house</h3><br>
<p>In February 1799, the wardens and vestry of Trinity Church voted to build a school house. The school continued operation until 1867 when the building was purchased by the Shiloh Baptist congregation.</p><br>
<h3>Shiloh Baptist Church</h3><br>
<p>The Shiloh Church was an African American Baptist congregation founded on May 10, 1864, by Edmund Kelly in a house at 73 Levin Street owned by Esther Brinley. William James Barnett was installed as the first pastor, followed shortly by Theodore Valentine. The congregation met for five years in the Seventh Day Baptist Church, on Barney Street near Spring Street, but desired their own permanent location.</p><br>
<p>In 1868 the members of Shiloh Church purchased the school building on the corner of School and Mary streets from the Trinity Church corporation, at a cost of $2,000." The congregation moved into their new home on February 24, 1869, to a dedicatory sermon preached by Rev. Samuel Adlam. The cost of the church was raised from members over the next fourteen months.</p><br>
<h3>Pastor Henry N. Jeter</h3><br>
<p>Henry N. Jeter served as pastor of the Shiloh Baptist Church for 25 years, starting in 1875.</p><br>
<p>The building was renovated in 1873, at a cost of $1,600.</p><br>
<h3>Twentieth Century</h3><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, at which time it was still owned by the Shiloh Baptist Society.</p><br>
<p>The Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum, located at 203 North Amity St. in Baltimore, Maryland, is the former home of American writer Edgar Allan Poe in the 1830s. The small unassuming structure, which was opened as a writer&#39;s house museum in 1949, is a typical row home. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Due to a loss of funding by the city of Baltimore, the museum closed to the public in October 2012. Poe Baltimore, the museum&#39;s new governing body, reopened the museum to the public on October 5, 2013. The house is the site for the International Edgar Allan Poe Festival & Awards, held in October of each year.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The brick home, then numbered 3 Amity St., and now numbered 203 North Amity Street, is assumed to have been built in 1830 and rented by Poe&#39;s aunt Maria Clemm in 1832. Clemm was joined in the home by her ailing mother, Elizabeth Cairnes Poe, and her daughter Virginia Clemm. Edgar Allan Poe moved in with the family in 1833 around the age of 23, after leaving West Point. Virginia was 10 years old at the time; Poe would marry her three years later, though their only public ceremony was in 1836. Poe lived in the house from about 1833 to 1835.</p><br>
<p>The house was rented using pension money that Elizabeth collected thanks to her husband, David Poe Sr., who was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War. The home is small and Poe&#39;s room on the top floor has a ceiling with a sharp pitch which is six feet high at its tallest point.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, homes in the area, including Poe&#39;s, were set for demolition to make room for the "Poe Homes" public housing project. The house was saved by the efforts of the, which made arrangements with the city of Baltimore and opened the home as in 1949.</p><br>
<p>Former displays in the museum included a lock of Poes hair, a small piece of Poes coffin, some original china that once belonged to John Allan (Poes guardian after Eliza Poes death), and a large reproduction of the portrait of Virginia Clemm painted after her death as well as many other Poe-related images. An original 1849 obituary by Rufus Griswold in the October 24, 1849 edition of the Philadelphia Dollar Newspaper was also displayed along with a reprint of Poe&#39;s original announcement for the creation of a new literary magazine to be called The Stylus &mdash; an endeavor that never came to fruition.</p><br>
<p>In 1979 during the house renovations, workers lifted the floorboards and found skeletal remains, reminiscent of Poe&#39;s story "The Tell-Tale Heart." These were found to be animal bones discarded into what is known as a "trash pit" or midden beneath the home.</p><br>
<p>In the period from 1980 to 2011, the museum hosted a number of Poe events throughout the year. It claimed, for example, the largest Poe birthday celebration in the world held every January at the Westminster Hall and Burying Ground, where Poe was buried following his death in October 1849. In 2009, the museum staged a third funeral for Poe (theatrical) for the Poe Bicentennial at Westminster Hall. Over 1,200 people attended two services.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, City of Baltimore officials reduced the museum&#39;s subsidy, a decision that ultimately led to its closure in 2012. After the City cut off its $85,000 in annual support in 2011, the museum was operating on reserve funds to the amount of $380,000 in the Poe House Fundraising account.</p><br>
<p>Efforts to secure the museums future came from such diverse places as: the non-profit project, the New York City based non-profit theatre company staging of The Delirium of Edgar Allan Poe, and the 2012 film The Raven.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, According to the Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore, the museum was closed on September 28, 2012 with no advance public notice. Jeff Jerome, the museum&#39;s curator for more than three decades, was laid off.</p><br>
<p>In 2013 The Edgar Allan Poe House & Museum was re-opened to the public, under the auspices of Poe Baltimore, a non-profit organization created to operate and maintain the house museum (see next section.) New annual programs at Poe House include The International Edgar Allan Poe Festival and the Saturday Visiter Awards.</p><br>
<p>In 2020, Poe House was entered into the American Library Associations United For Libraries Literary Landmarks Register. It was the first historical site in the State of Maryland to be entered in the list. The dedication ceremony was held at Poe House on the anniversary of Poes birthday, January 19, 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Poe Baltimore</h2><br>
<p>In 2013, a new non-profit organization, Poe Baltimore, was established to serve as the museum&#39;s new governing body and operate the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum. It reopened to the public on October 5, 2013. Poe Baltimore is an independent organization, and the Board of Directors and volunteer corps include members from the Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore. The museum hosts monthly and annual events at Poe House and around the City of Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, the museum created a new annual event, the International Edgar Allan Poe Festival & Awards (Poe Fest International), a two-day outdoor festival held in the shadow of Poe House, commemorating the anniversary of Poes mysterious death in Baltimore. The festival includes tours of other sites in Baltimore associated with Poe, as well as a funeral re-enactment at the historic Carroll Mansion. The festival drew two thousand visitors in both its first and second years. In 2019, Poe Baltimore created the Saturday Visiter&#39; Awards, an honor recognizing art and writing inspired by Poe. The awards are named for the Baltimore Saturday Visiter (sic), a periodical that awarded Edgar Allan Poe first prize for his short story, MS Found in A Bottle, in 1833.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Poe House is a story two-bay brick structure with a gabled metal roof. The front door is on the left side of the west elevation, at the top of a wood stoop. The house is flanked on the north by a contiguous building; the south elevation is windowless. A single gabled dormer is centered in the west roof. To the rear a two-story ell projects from the south side of the main block. Its shed roof slopes to the north. The house sits on the western edge of an active low-income housing project, aptly named The Poe Homes, in the west Baltimore neighborhood of Poppleton.</p><br>
<p>The house is entered through the front living room, with a dining room to the rear and two steps down. From the dining room narrow stairs lead to the basement and the second floor. Two bedrooms occupy the second floor, and stairs lead to a small attic or garret, which may have been occupied by Poe. The house retains the majority of its original woodwork.</p><br>
<h2>Works penned in this house</h2><br>
<p>Though it cannot be fully proven, the Poe Society alleges that the following works were created while Poe was staying in this house:</p><br>
<h2>Poe House in popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In the opening scene of season 3, episode 2 "All Due Respect," of the HBO series The Wire, two low-level members of the Barksdale Gang recall how one was once approached by a white tourist asking him if he knew the location of the "Poe House". Misunderstanding, he replies "Look around, take your pick!" The Wire chronicles the activities of the fictional Barksdale Organization based in west Baltimore, where the Poe House is located.</p><br>
<p>In season 3 of the Telltale Games video game version of The Walking Dead, one house in the Prescott camp is a visual homage to the Poe House.</p><br>
<p>The Billiou–Stillwell–Perine House is a Dutch Colonial structure and the oldest standing building on Staten Island, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally built by Pierre Billiou, a Huguenot who arrived at New Amsterdam fleeing religious persecution in Europe in 1661. He founded Oude Dorp (Old Town) in the same year, and subsequently received a land grant on Staten Island, erecting the original stone section of the house around 1662. His daughter Martha (1652–1736) inherited the property and resided there with her husband, Thomas Stillwell (1651–1704/1705), and later with her second husband, Rev. David de Bonrepos (1654–1734), whom she married in 1711.</p><br>
<p>About 1680, Thomas Stillwell, a well-to-do landowner, enlarged the house. His and Martha&#39;s descendants, the Brittons, owned it until the mid-18th century. It was then acquired in 1758 by Edward Perine, whose family owned it until 1913.</p><br>
<p>The building has a shingled sloping roof, a high jambless fireplace with a large stone hearth, and a ceiling with exceptionally large beams. Owned by Historic Richmond Town, the house is occasionally open to the public on a limited schedule or by appointment.</p><br>
<p>Rogers Island is an island on the Hudson River, in Washington County, New York, that once formed part of the third largest "city" in colonial North America, and is considered the "spiritual home" of the United States Special Operations Forces, particularly the United States Army Rangers.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rogers Island is located in the middle of the Hudson River, in the south-western area of Washington County, New York. It is a part of the Village of Fort Edward, which itself is part of the Town of Fort Edward, north of Albany and east of Syracuse.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological discoveries on Rogers Island show Native American hunting and fishing activities dating back approximately to 4000 BC. Native Americans remained in the area until the arrival of Europeans in the 18th century. The archaeological site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Due to its strategic location on the Hudson, Rogers Island and Fort Edward opposite became a fortress operated by the British Empire, involved in the French and Indian War (1754–1763) with invasions into French Canada to the north often beginning from the area. Due to the expansion required to house such large numbers of troops, estimated to be 16,000, Fort Edward and Rogers Island became the third largest community in North America, after New York City and Boston.</p><br>
<p>From 1756 to 1759, Rogers Island was used as a training ground for Major Robert Rogers, from which the island takes its name. Here, Rogers trained irregular fighting forces and composed his 28 ranging rules.</p><br>
<p>Fort Edward and Rogers Island were evacuated in 1766 and left to ruin during the American War of Independence, though it was briefly garrisoned until 1777.</p><br>
<p>Evidence found in seven unmarked graves unearthed on Rogers Island in 2006 suggest that the site contains a military cemetery from the time of the French and Indian War. The Island was also home to a British army smallpox hospital during the war, although some of the deaths could have resulted from wounds incurred in skirmishes with the French.</p><br>
<p>During the 1800s, the island was used to train militia for the American Civil War, with the northern tip being inhabited by civilians.</p><br>
<h2>Rogers Island Visitors Center</h2><br>
<p>On July 6, 2001, the Rogers Island Visitors Center was opened on the island. Exhibits at the Visitors Center tell the story of the Fort Edward area, from the earliest Native Americans that lived here through the Revolutionary War. The Visitors Center also serves as the home base of operations for the Adirondack Community College Archeological Field School for six weeks each summer.</p><br>
<p>The Rogers Island Visitors Center hosts an annual French & Indian War Encampment each September that has proven to be popular with reenactors and the general public. Living history demonstrations, drills and skirmishes are conducted along the banks of the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The Spanish Governor&#39;s Palace is a historic adobe from the Spanish Texas period located in Downtown San Antonio.</p><br>
<p>It is the last visible trace of the 18th-century colonial Presidio San Antonio de Béxar complex, and the only remaining example in Texas of an aristocratic 18th-century Spanish Colonial in−town residence. The National Geographic Society has named the landmark "the most beautiful building in San Antonio." The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970. It is now owned by the city, and is open to the public as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Spanish built the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar to protect the area&#39;s missions, including the San Antonio de Valero Mission (The Alamo) and the missions in the present day San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, as well as the growing Spanish colony.</p><br>
<h2>Description and location</h2><br>
<p>The one-story masonry and stucco structure features ten rooms, a grand courtyard and a fountain, and is alleged to be haunted.</p><br>
<p>The palace is located in between Market Square and the San Antonio River Walk near the current city hall. The address is 105 Plaza de Armas, San Antonio.</p><br>
<p>Phelps Mill is a flour mill in Otter Tail County, Minnesota, United States, on the Otter Tail River. The mill was built in 1888–1889 by William E. Thomas, a local entrepreneur who owned a flour and feed business in Fergus Falls. During that time, wheat was a high-demand crop, and nearly one thousand flour mills were in operation throughout Minnesota. Thomas began constructing a wooden dam on the river in the spring of 1888, although the dam was prone to leakage and had to be shored up with sandbags, dirt, gravel, and other materials. The mill itself was built by Royal Powers, who built and framed the mill without using blueprints. He was able to keep the entire plan within his head and did not even have to mark out the lumber he was cutting.</p><br>
<p>The mill opened in October 1889 and was designed to produce 60 to 75 barrels of flour per day. It was very successful during its initial several years of operation, and in 1895 Thomas built an addition to grind buckwheat and rye. Thomas also built a bunkhouse for overnight guests and a barn for stabling horses. A general store also was established in the area and is still in operation.</p><br>
<p>As technology progressed in the early 1900s, though, power from electricity, gasoline, or steam became more efficient for powering mills. Railroad transportation also made it more cost-effective to transport the grain to the Minneapolis-St. Paul area for milling. Thomas sold the mill in 1919, and after another change of ownership in 1928, the mill closed for good in 1939.</p><br>
<p>A local resident and activist, Geneva Tweten, led a campaign to save the mill as a symbol of the rural life. Otter Tail County purchased the site in 1965, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The mill is part of the Phelps Mill Historic District, which also includes the general store and an Italianate miller&#39;s house.</p><br>
<p>Harrisburg Cemetery, sometimes referred to as Mount Kalmia Cemetery, is a prominent rural cemetery and national historic district in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, located at 13th and Liberty streets in the Allison Hill/East Harrisburg neighborhoods of the city. It was founded in 1845, though interments took place for many years before.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is also the burial ground for American Revolutionary War soldiers.</p><br>
<p>The caretaker&#39;s cottage was built in 1850. It was designed by famed 19th Century architect, Andrew Jackson Downing, in the Gothic Revival style.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Edward E. Beidleman (1873–1929), Pennsylvania State Representative and State Senator and Pennsylvania&#39;s 12th lieutenant governor</p><br>
<p>George Grey Barnard (1863–1938), sculptor of several figures at the new Pennsylvania State Capitol</p><br>
<p>Jacob D. Boas (1806–1887), Pennsylvania state senator and Harrisburg mayor</p><br>
<p>John Conrad Bucher (1792–1844), USA Congressman from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>James Donald Cameron (1833–1918), Secretary of War and USA Senator from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Simon Cameron (1799–1889), Secretary of War for Abraham Lincoln</p><br>
<p>Charles C. Davis (1830–1909), United States Army Medal of Honor recipient during American Civil War</p><br>
<p>William Findlay (1768–1846), Pennsylvania governor and USA Mint director</p><br>
<p>John Augustus Fritchey (1857–1916), three-term Harrisburg mayor</p><br>
<p>John White Geary (1819–1873), first mayor of San Francisco, governor of Kansas Territory, governor of Pennsylvania, and Union Army general in American Civil War</p><br>
<p>Jacob Samils Haldeman (1821–1889), Pennsylvania State Representative and USA Ambassador to Sweden</p><br>
<p>Richard Jacobs Haldeman (1831–1886), USA Congressman from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>John Andre Hanna (1762–1805), USA Congressman from Pennsylvania and delegate to the state convention to ratify the USA Constitution; and brigadier general during Whisky Insurrection</p><br>
<p>Robert Harris (Pennsylvania) (1768–1851), USA Congressman from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>John Christian Kunkel (1816–1870), USA Congressman from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>George Kunkel (politician) (1893–1965), Pennsylvania state senator</p><br>
<p>John Crain Kunkel (1898–1970), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Vance C. McCormick (1872–1946), chair of the American delegation at the Treaty of Versailles</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Franklin Meyers (1833–1918), USA Congressman from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>William Henry Miller (1829–1870), USA Congressman from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Jesse Miller (1800–1850), Jacksonian member of the USA House of Representatives from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Ray Coleman Mueller (1912–1994), professional baseball player</p><br>
<p>Marlin Edgar Olmsted (1847–1913), USA Congressman from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>John James Pearson (1800–1888), USA Congressman and judge from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>David Rittenhouse Porter (1788–1867), Pennsylvania governor</p><br>
<p>Luther Reily (1794–1854), USA Congressman from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Charles "Dutch" Schesler (1900–1953), Major League Baseball player</p><br>
<p>William K. Verbeke (1820–1898), Harrisburg developer, philanthropist, and Harrisburg mayor</p><br>
<p>John Winebrenner (1797–1860), religious leader and founder of the first Church of God in Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>George Wolf (1777–1840), Pennsylvania governor</p><br>
<p>Carrie Furnace is a former blast furnace located along the Monongahela River in the Pittsburgh area industrial town of Swissvale, Pennsylvania, and it had formed a part of the Homestead Steel Works. The Carrie Furnaces were built in 1884 and they operated until 1982. During its peak, the site produced 1,000 to 1,250 tons of iron per day. All that is left of the site are furnaces #6 and #7, which operated from 1907 to 1978, and its hot metal bridge . The furnaces, designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006, are among the only pre-World War II 20th century blast furnaces to survive.</p><br>
<p>The site is currently managed by the nonprofit Rivers of Steel Heritage Corporation, which conducts tours and other programs from May through October.</p><br>
<h2>History, topography, and environmental concerns</h2><br>
<p>The timeline below portrays the history of Carrie Furnace. Carrie Furnace is located along the Monongahela River, with 135 acres located on the north bank of the river and 33 acres on the south bank. The site, however, is not readily accessible as it is enclosed by railroad tracks. The surrounding areas include Braddock, Rankin, Swissvale, Whitaker, and Munhall. After the Park Corporation purchased the site from USA Steel in 1988, both parties agreed to address the environmental concerns. In 2005, Allegheny County purchased the land from Park Corps. for $5.75 million. Underground fuel storage tanks were removed in 1994 along with two above ground fuel storage units. In addition, asbestos from the buildings was removed. The soil was contaminated with PCBs and sulfates. Environmental assessment of the site has been conducted in two phases. The first phase was completed in 2007 and the second is currently underway.</p><br>
<p>1881 Carrie Furnace is built</p><br>
<p>1892 Homestead Strike</p><br>
<p>1898 Site purchased by Andrew Carnegie</p><br>
<p>1901 Incorporated into USA Steel</p><br>
<p>1978 Shutdown</p><br>
<p>1988 Sold to Park Corporation</p><br>
<p>2005 Sold to Allegheny County for $5.75 million</p><br>
<p>2006 Furnaces 6 and 7 were designated a National Historic Landmark</p><br>
<h2>Future development</h2><br>
<p>Partners in the redevelopment of Carrie Furnace include Allegheny County, several nearby municipalities, and the Steel Industry Heritage Corporation. These organizations seek to preserve the remaining industrial structures while utilizing the site for economic development. The redevelopment plan is mixed-use as it contains plans for commercial and residential development, as well as light industrial manufacturing. Housing, office buildings, a hotel, a conference center, transportation center, and a museum are included in the plan. For example, the hot metal rail bridge that connected Carrie Furnace to Homestead Works is to be converted into an automobile bridge, which will allow access to the site. The bridge also connects the site to The Waterfront – a retail development across the Monongahela River.</p><br>
<p>Fletcher Hall, originally called North Hall, is a historic dormitory building on the campus of the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It makes up half of the "F" in the "U.F." in the Murphee Area. The "U.F" in the building design can be seen from an aerial view. It was designed by Rudolph Weaver in the Collegiate Gothic style, was built in 1938 and was named for Duncan U. Fletcher, longtime USA Senator from Florida. It was renovated in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Fletcher Hall is a contributing property in the University of Florida Campus Historic District which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 20, 1989.</p><br>
<p>Fletcher Hall was the location of the founding of the predecessor to the Inter-Residence Hall Association, a large organization on campus that represents residents of student housing.</p><br>
<p>The Bok Kai Temple  is a traditional Chinese temple in the city of Marysville, California, located at the corner of D and First Streets. Since 1880, it served as the center of what was a bustling Chinatown for a small town known as the "Gateway to the Gold Fields". It is the only in situ 19th-century Chinese Temple in the United States that is still active.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When the Chinese from the Pearl River Delta west of Canton arrived in California during the gold rush, many on their way to work the gold mines landed in riverboats at Marysville. Its importance as a supply depot grew and was imprinted in their Cantonese language: Marysville was known as Sahm Fou (三埠, Third City); Sacramento Yee Fou (二埠, Second City); and San Francisco Dai Fou (大埠, The Big City).</p><br>
<p>In the 1860s, a temple was erected in Marysville to serve its substantial Chinese population. The history of the original and other non-extant temples is unclear; but in 1880 a new one was built and dedicated, which is still in place and in use. The foremost of the gods that are worshiped is Běidì (, Cantonese: Pak Tai, Bok Tai; non-standard Toishanese: Buck Eye, Beuk Aie), also known as Xuan Wu, ( "Dark Warrior" or "Mysterious Warrior"), a Deity in Chinese folk religion believed to govern the northern region and rain, hence its place of reverence at Bok Kai Temple, or Northern Creek Temple.</p><br>
<p>The temple plays a central role for the "bomb festival&quot the first such festival in Marysville dates back to at least 1873, before the current temple was built. Although a dozen Chinese communities in California held "bomb festivals" in the late 19th century, usually on yee yuet yee, the second day of the second month of the lunar year, Marysville&#39;s festival is the only one to persist to the present day. Each "bomb" used is a specially made firecracker that launches a hand-sized "good fortune" ring with a number (the local newspaper called them "wheels of fortune") high in the air above the assembled crowd. The lucky person who catches the ring as it drops, fights off others vying for it, and retains full control of it, usually to the temple door, receives from the temple a reward or fortune corresponding to the ring number. In the 1880s, the Marysville dragon, Moo Lung, was added to the festivities. In the 1950s, when Marysville was the only USA community firing off these "bombs", the name was changed to the Bok Kai Festival.</p><br>
<p>The temple remains a primary focus of the present Marysville Chinese-American community, who have dedicated themselves to preserving the temple and celebrating the Bok Kai Festival.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The temple is infrequently used as an active place of worship, but is preserved as both a California Historical Landmark and as a protected property on the National Register of Historic Places. A Bok Kai festival and parade is held annually in the spring, during which time the temple is opened for ceremonies as well as for interested parties to tour. Other tours may be arranged by contacting the Temple caretaker.</p><br>
<p>In 2022, it was reported that the temple served as an inspiration and point of reference for artists working on the Pixar film Turning Red, which features a fictional temple located in Chinatown, Toronto.</p><br>
<p>Bok Kai Parade.JPGThe dragon in the parade at the annual Bok Kai festival</p><br>
<p>BokKaiTempleFront.JPGThe front view of the Bok Kai Temple</p><br>
<p>BokKaiTempleGate.JPGThe gate of the Bok Kai Temple from the street</p><br>
<p>BokKaiTempleHisoricalMonumentPlaque.JPGBok Kai Temple historical marker plaque</p><br>
<p>Bok Kai Temple, Marysville, March 2022-3395.jpgSmall sedan chair for the Gods</p><br>
<p>Bok Kai Temple, Marysville, March 2022-3391.jpgExhibition</p><br>
<p>The Egyptian Theatre in DeKalb, Illinois, United States, is an Egyptian Revival theatre that is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. The theatre was built in 1928 and 1929 as part of a much larger wave of national fascination with Ancient Egypt throughout the United States, due, in large part, to the discovery of Tutankhamuns tomb in 1922. The theatre was added to the National Register in 1978 and its 1,430-seat auditorium is currently DeKalb Countys largest.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by architect Elmer F. Behrns, who had an interest in Egyptology. The interior and exterior architecture reflect Egyptian cultural symbols. Stained glass work exhibits designs such as Ra, the Egyptian sun god and the scarab, a sacred Egyptian symbol. The building was nearly demolished in the 1970s but a restoration effort led by Preservation of the Egyptian Theatre (PET) saved the structure. Rumors have long surrounded the DeKalb Egyptian about secret messages allegedly hidden in the architecture and as well as ghost hauntings. While the theater maintains there are no hidden messages in the building the ghost stories have persisted throughout the years. The Egyptian Theatre operates a 42-week season with up to 125 events annually.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When the theatre opened in, it was one of many so-called Egyptian Theatres across the United States. Of those Egyptian theatres, the DeKalb theatre is one of a handful still standing as of 2019. In the original design, additional buildings were supposed to be attached to the existing building, but they were never built due to the stock market crash in late 1929. For instance, there was to be a hotel attached to the north side of the building. In its earliest days, the theatre specialized in silent films and live vaudevillian performances.</p><br>
<p>As decades passed, the theatre became more focused on film presentations and remained so throughout the 1940s, 50s and 60s. By the 1970s the theatre was in disrepair, and its plaster walls were crumbling. The owner handed the theatre over to the city of DeKalb. In 1978 a group of citizens banded together to restore and save the Egyptian. When the Egyptian was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, the group, Preservation of the Egyptian Theatre (PET), qualified for a $2.3 million grant from the state of Illinois. This money allowed the restoration of the theatre to begin. It was estimated at that time that $3.5 million was needed to completely restore the theatre. Due to the shortfall, there were many projects that had to be cut, including adding air conditioning which the building never had, and still does not have.</p><br>
<p>As of 2007, the theatre is operated and staffed by PET. A non-profit organization, PET was formed in 1978 to save the theatre from destruction. Since the 1980s restoration the theatre has been host to a variety of films and events. The current marquee is the fourth to adorn the theatre; it was installed during the 1982 restoration.</p><br>
<p>The DeKalb Egyptian has a 42-week season during which it features around 125 events annually. The Egyptian&#39;s season is cut short by the hot northern Illinois summers; the theatre has no air conditioning. In 2006 more than thirty professional groups plus student organizations and university departments from nearby Northern Illinois University used the theatre.</p><br>
<p>Many notable performers have appeared at the Egyptian Theatre including Journey with Cheap Trick (from Rockford) (1977), Heart in 77, Violent Femmes (from Milwaukee) in 83, R.E.M. (1984), Chicago bluesman Willie Dixon (1985), Los Lobos (1994), Tori Amos (1994), Gaelic Storm (2003), Umphreys McGee (from South Bend) (2008), UKs Frank Turner (2010), The Wonder Years (2011), Drake Bell (2011), Aaron Carter (2013), Rick Springfield (2013), Chicago band Survivor (2013) comedian Lewis Black (2015), Chicagos Richard Marx (2015), Chicagos The Buckinghams (2015), Chicagos Plain White Ts (2018), UK classic rock band Sweet (2018), Scotty McCreery (2019), Arlo Guthrie (2019), The Second City Touring Company (2019), The Turtles with Classics IV and other 60s bands (2021), Jesse McCartney (2021), Jeff Tweedy of Wilco (from Chicago) (2022), and Mavis Staples (from Chicago) (2023). The Egyptian hosts Gaelic Storm each year and several tribute bands.</p><br>
<p>In January 2019 Executive Director Alex Nerad announced that the theater would undergo a $5.5 million renovation, including adding air-conditioning to protect the historical integrity of the building and alterations to meet the standards set by the Americans with Disabilities Act. Theatre officials plan to re-open in 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Although the DeKalb Egyptian Theatre is one of up to one hundred Egyptian-style theatres built during the early 20th century, it is believed to be one of only six remaining in the United States. This particular theatre is more than a simple hodgepodge of hieroglyphics and Egyptian symbols. The architect, Elmer F. Behrns, himself interested in Egyptology, designed the Egyptian Theatre in DeKalb to have one central theme. Behrns&#39; motif for the DeKalb Egyptian was that of Pharaoh Ramses II.</p><br>
<p>The exterior facade is covered in a light sage terra cotta and exhibits a 20-foot (6.1 m) tall stained glass window, which bears the ancient scarab symbol. The scarab is holding up the sun god Ra whilst standing on top of the Earth. To each side of the stained glass window, the buildings facade holds two huge pharaohs, meant to "guard" over the theatre entrance. The entirety of the theatres front facade is designed to resemble the gate of a great temple.</p><br>
<p>The small outer lobby is meant to evoke feelings of entering the outer chamber of an ancient Egyptian tomb. The walls of the outer lobby are built from huge unadorned blocks with a faux sandstone surface. The front of the ticket box office is decorated in a dusky sienna red with a golden sunburst emblazoned above the window. Past the outer lobby of the DeKalb Egyptian Theatre, through the glass doors and into the main lobby, the original mosaic-tiled floor and the towering 40 foot (12.2 m) ceiling are both revealed.</p><br>
<p>The walls of the main lobby are cream-colored plaster, surrounded by eight pillars and cornices adorned with golden lotus blossoms and palm leaves. High up the walls, between each of the pillars, are six large golden plaster urns. The urns are decorated with lotus blossom buds and palm leaves as well. They are crowned by a gilded design incorporating outstretched falcon wings and the disc of the sun entwined with golden serpents. The lotus motif is repeated on the frosted wall sconces below the urns and on the chandelier hanging over the center of the double staircase; the staircase, at the end of the main lobby, leads to the mezzanine and balcony.</p><br>
<p>The decoration and layout of the auditorium is meant to resemble a royal Egyptian courtyard. The 1,430-seat auditorium is DeKalb County&#39;s largest.</p><br>
<h2>Hauntings</h2><br>
<p>The DeKalb Egyptian, like many other Egyptian Revival structures, is meant to create an air of mystery. The imagery of the ancient Egyptian symbols has fostered the popular belief that there is a hidden meaning behind the architecture and color scheme in and on the DeKalb Egyptian. The theatre said through a spokesman in 2006 that both the colors and the decorations were picked for their beauty and no other reason.</p><br>
<p>While there are no hidden messages in the architecture, there have been numerous occurrences and reports of alleged ghostly phenomena. The Egyptian has been widely rumored to be the home of two ghosts. One is said to be that of Irv Kummerfeldt, co-founder of PET; Kummerfeldt had a heart attack and died at the top of "Aisle One" in the Egyptian Theatre&#39;s auditorium. His ghost has been reported in that area of the theatre ever since. The second ghost, "Bob," as theatre workers and preservationists have dubbed it, is much more free roaming. Bob has been seen throughout the building; objects have moved on their own, doors have opened on their own, and people have felt a tap on their shoulder when no one else is around. Occasionally, footsteps have been heard echoing across the auditorium. The theatre operators and preservationists lend enough credence to the ghost sightings and stories to keep an eye out for any information in old newspapers on who the ghost might have been.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The theatre is one of the few remaining Egyptian theatres in the United States. Depending on which estimates are utilized there are six or more Egyptian Revival theatres remaining in the United States. The Egyptian Theatre was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 1, 1978.</p><br>
